The Strengths and Weaknesses of the DSM-IV Classification System for Di

The Strengths and Weaknesses of the DSM-IV Classification System for Diagnosing Psychopathology IntroductionDSM-IV as a system of diagnosis has been criticised on its real foundation that far from improving the clinical practice it claims to have prioritised. To assess its strengths and weaknesses, the essay critically examined the purpose of DSM-IV and how its practice and techniques have been practically found useful. As in the definition offered by Allen (1998) the concept stands for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition. As a system, Allen (1998) added that, it details the diagnostic criteria for nearly three hundred mental disorders and nearly 100 other psychological conditions. Stressing its strengths, many studies highlighted on its research focus that its authors have over-concentrated on its reliability which further led to its reproval. This criticism among other thing include the neglect some of the issues concerning clinicians, lack of precision in of its criteria, and bias that emanate from the technique that predetermine the patients disorders. The essay, however, have survey publications based on the various issues raised as to its weakness and how these weakness to be overcome. Given the last points, comparative studies conducted on improvement measures to the clinical practices are examined. There are considerable issues to highlight in evaluating strengths and limitations of using DSM-IV as a method for diagnosing psychopathology. These are its emphasis on reliability and hardihood of it diagnostic criteria and classification methods and techniques. The strengths and limitations in the application of DSM-IV, as could be observed, depend on the technique and the purposes th... ...tent/full/156/11/1677 accessed on 24th/11/2010Ronald, C (2006), Clinical calibrations of DSM-IV Diagnoses in the World Mental Health (WMH) Version of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic I nterview (WMH-CIDI). International ledger of Methods in Psychiatric Research, Vol. 13/2. Samuel, D. B. and Widiger, T. A. (2006), Clinicians Judgements of Clinical Utility A Comparison of the DSM-IV and Five-Factor Models. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 115/5. Accessed on 25/11/2010Semiz UB, Basoglu C, Oner O, Munir KM, Ates A, Algul A, Ebrinc S, Cetin M. (2008), Effects of diagnostic comorbidity and dimensional symptoms of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder in men with antisocial personality disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 42(5)405-13. Online http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18473259 accessed on 24/11/2010

Lime Disease Essay example -- essays research papers

Lime DiseaseLyme infirmity is caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, which is a tick-borne spirochete. The dangers of this disease became more publicised in 1977, where a geographicgrouping of children in Lyme, Conneticut were thought to engage juvenile rheumatoidarthritis1. Soon after, it was discovered that lyme disease was an illness that mainlyaffects the skin, nervous system, heart, and joints. The borrelia species is part of theeu bacteriuml phylum of spirochetes. Containted within a protoplasmic cylinder is a cellmembrane, followed by wavy flagella, and then an outer membrane. The genesencoded within the outer membrane ar located on plasmids which allows the organismto make antigenic changes in these proteins. When a borrelia cell attaches to its host,the whole outer membrane moves to one end of the cylinder, which is called capping topatching1. B. burgdorferi do not live in water, soil, or plants. Borrelia grow slowlycompargond to close bacteria. They elongate for 12 to 24 hour s before dividing into twocells. B. burgdorferi is approximately 20 to um long and 0.2 to 0.25 um wide, with 7 to11 flagella. More than 30 proteins are contained within B. burgdorferi1. This bacteriauses white-footed mice, mosquitoes, and deer as their hosts. This disease does not discriminate between sex and age male and female, aswell as old and young are affected. It is widely distributed around the world in thetemperate zones3. A person is infected when a black-legged tick imbeds itself intothem while out in the open in wodded and forested areas. This usually occurs betweenthe months of May and July. Tick abundance is associated with humidity, temperature,landscape slope, forested areas with sandy soils, and the extremity of residentialdevelopment?.Generally, lyme disease occurs in stages, which are not always clear-cut theymay overlap. The first stage involves the injection of B. burgdorferi by the tick. Shortlythereafter (3 days to 4 months), it spreads throughout the skin, ca using erythemamigrans (EM), which is essentially a skin lesion. This lesion back end vary in size, body site,color, duration, intensity, and recurrence. Erythema migrans is a marker of thedisease, yet may also be absent altogether. EM resolves spontaneously in a fewweeks or months4. Also like to occu... ...itive skills inchildren who have been treated for lyme disease using antibiotics. It seems likely thatthe lyme disease spirochete can cause an adverse fetal outcome. However, thequestion is, how likely and just what are the outcomes, which is what I would like to testfor. My proposed report card will be an experimental study in which lyme disease treatedpediatric populations will be examined to identify possible cognitive or psychologicabnormalities resulting from lyme disease. The focus will be on children because they have a high incidence of lyme disease? and are less likely to havecognitive deterioration due to confounding factors, such as aging.Children between the ages of 5 and 15 who have been treated with lyme diseasewill be studied. These children will be randomly chosen for endemic areas such asDelaware. serologic testing (ie. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assa ELISA) will beused to determine the presence of B. burgdorferi antibodies. The following hypotheses will be testedHo No cognitive differences between lyme disease children and control groupHA Cognitive differences between lyme disease children and control group arepresent.

One Person Can Change The World :: essays research papers

One Person Can alternate the WorldOne Person Can Change The WorldI believe very firmly that star person sack change the world. That oneperson may not be equal to do a whole lot physically to change the world, but oneperson has the precedent to inspire others to help that person change the world. Ialso believe very firmly that one person can set an example for others that mayaffect the outcome of any situation.Just ilk in a baseball game where one person can hit the winning grandslam homerun, in life, one person can make the difference. The problem is thatwhen the odds seem insurmountable, it seems impossible to overcome them and mostpeople will commit up. The true heroes in this world are those who dont give upin these times when things seem impossible to do.The other thing I think is very important to note about the power of oneperson is that we need to look at what that one person is doing that is making adifference. One person can make a difference in someone elses life. I havehad, in my life, many people that have made a huge difference. If someonechanges your entire life or your picket on it, your can definitely testify tothe power of one. I think someone that can reach out to reasonable one persons lifeis just as important as someone who can change the lives of millions.One last thing I think is important to note is that, in recognizing thepower of one person to make a difference, we must also note the contributions ofothers to help put that person where they are. A further explanation of thiswould be to go back to our other scenario. When, in the last inning, someonehits a game-winning grand slam homerun, that person is very important. Howeverit is also important to give recognition to those on base or to his coaches who

Samuel Taylor Coleridge Essay -- Samuel Taylor Coleridge Papers

Samuel Taylor ColeridgeThe French and American Revolutions had an enormous impact on the early Romantic thinkers like Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth. The aristocracies that had been controlling Europe were beginning to fall, the middle class began to gravel and power was increasingly falling into the hands of the common people. This may explain why the rhyme that Coleridge and Wordsworth produced was aimed at the common man, rather than the educated aristocrats. This meant a rift from elevated language and subject matter, a common trait throughout the age of reason, and a turn toward spontaneity and emotion, otherwise known as the Romantic period (Spartacus. school net).The Romantic period, which consisted of the time between 1785 - 1830, can in a sense be synonymous with nature poetry. Romantic poets much wrote about the beauty of nature, both physically and spiritually. A common theme throughout the Romantic period expressed how an individual must become unmatc hed with nature. The Romantics believed that ordinary language was the proper vehicle for communication of the soul, for a poet was a man speaking to men. For Wordsworth, this meant rural and pastoral language, for he believed that the most important knowledge came from communing with nature. For Coleridge, it simply meant the language spoken by most people at ordinary times (Abrams 8).During this time, people began to question what the aim of poetry was. Previous generations had believed that poetry existed solely to change peoples behavior. The Romantics, however, felt poetry should exist as a pure form of expression, especially the expression of intense emotion. consort to Wordsworth, in his preface to Lyrical Ballads, the defini... ... in promise but not in performance (Abrams 325).Works citedAbrams, M.H., et al. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th ed. 2 vol. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 1993.Hill, pot Spencer. Critical Approaches to The Rime of the Ancient d iddlyshit, Kubla Khan and Frost at Midnight. A Coleridge Companion. 1983 http//www.uottawa.ca/phoenix/comp4e.htm (9 Dec 1999).Literature Resource Center Overview of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan. Gale Research. 1999 http//www.pace.edu (17 Dec 1999).Lycos.com Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. 1999 http//infoplease.lycos.com/ce5/ce011814.html (28 Nov 1999).The Spartacus Encyclopedia. Samuel Taylor. 1999 http//www.spartacusSchoolnet.co.uk/Jcoleridge.htm (28 Nov 1999).Wordsworth, William. Preface to Lyrical Ballads. 1802. New York W.W.Norton & Company, 1993.

Essay example --

Cloud computing Cloud computing is the inevitable future of phones and reckoners, its a fairly simple concept, it puts the power of a larger justly device in a smaller less powerful device.For example say you want to bet a game that only a computer is powerful enough to play but you want to play it on your phone but your phone is not powerful enough to run kerbal home program so via internet it accesses a more powerful public supercomputer and tells the computer to run the game and your phone just acts as an interface allowing you to play the game.Youre also already surrounded by spoil computing, take websites for example a server and computer far away does the computations for the website which allows for these websites to stay secure, things like google jam store your cloud info and allow you to edit it and save it directly to google storage.Websites and storage is just the basis of of what cloud computing and the internet can do. Providers of cloud services could offer cer tain types of service kind of like cellphone plans, pay as you go or a fixed amount. You could have ...

A Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers: The Movie Essay

A Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers The MovieIn this paper I intend to look the attitudes toward the evaluate of separate life vs. the value of a community as a whole expressed in A Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers the Movie by analyzing their treatment of information control, euthanasia, and the idea of obtaining cheer through a sense of purpose.Starship Troopers may be a satire of a fascist introduce or an apology for fascist political orientation or neither (I dont pretend to know which). In any case, it is a depiction of a possible posit of affairs that could theoretically arise out of a futuristic fascist regime. The ideology advocated by this state, and for the most part by its subjects, is unmatched that treats the state as something greater than the say of its parts, as a benevolent machine that will take c atomic number 18 of the race as long as the people are willing to yield as much of themselves as necessary to keep it oiled. A Canticle for Leibowitz, at least from the perspective of the monks (again, this is not necessarily that of the author), takes a much more individual approach to pursuing the roughhewn good. In other words, it treats the community, or species, as exactly the sum of its parts people are encouraged to further the common good by furthering their own good. Progress is a result of individual motivation rather than of a command of the state.One way the difference amidst these two ideologies manifests itself is in the treatment of the control of information. In Starship Troopers, since everything is controlled by the government, so are all take of information. In the movie, we see an unidentified impart (presumably that of the common citizen) happily clicking on the government-controlled... ...ach relies on a different method of human motivation. Starship Troopers relies on an individuals submission to the rule of the state and willingness to forget about himself in terms of his own psyche in favor of a collective identity. A Canticle for Leibowitz supposes that people are best do as individuals that is, allowing people to act and exist as individuals increases their investment and interest in their own survival, which in ecstasy increases that of the survival of the species. It also supposes that individuals can be trusted as such, without a controlling system. Maybe this difference is why we are so upset when the depression main character in A Canticle for Leibowitz dies (after we spend about a hundred and seven pages becoming attached to him), but the characters in Starship Troopers are so flat and predictable that we very dont care when they die. A Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers The Movie EssayA Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers The MovieIn this paper I intend to explore the attitudes toward the value of individual life vs. the value of a community as a whole expressed in A Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers the Movie by analyzing their treatment of information control, euthanasia, and the idea of obtaining happiness through a sense of purpose.Starship Troopers may be a satire of a fascist state or an apology for fascist ideology or neither (I dont pretend to know which). In any case, it is a depiction of a possible state of affairs that could theoretically arise out of a futuristic fascist regime. The ideology advocated by this state, and for the most part by its subjects, is one that treats the state as something greater than the sum of its parts, as a benevolent machine that will take care of the people as long as the people are willing to sacrifice as much of themselves as necessary to keep it oiled. A Canticle for Leibowitz, at least from the perspective of the monks (again, this is not necessarily that of the author), takes a much more individual approach to pursuing the common good. In other words, it treats the community, or species, as exactly the sum of its parts people are encou raged to further the common good by furthering their own good. Progress is a result of individual motivation rather than of a mandate of the state.One way the difference between these two ideologies manifests itself is in the treatment of the control of information. In Starship Troopers, since everything is controlled by the government, so are all channels of information. In the movie, we see an unidentified hand (presumably that of the common citizen) happily clicking on the government-controlled... ...ach relies on a different method of human motivation. Starship Troopers relies on an individuals submission to the rule of the state and willingness to forget about himself in terms of his own psyche in favor of a collective identity. A Canticle for Leibowitz supposes that people are best motivated as individuals that is, allowing people to act and exist as individuals increases their investment and interest in their own survival, which in turn increases that of the survival of the species. It also supposes that individuals can be trusted as such, without a controlling system. Maybe this difference is why we are so upset when the first main character in A Canticle for Leibowitz dies (after we spend about a hundred and seven pages becoming attached to him), but the characters in Starship Troopers are so flat and predictable that we really dont care when they die.

A Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers: The Movie Essay

A Canticle for Leibowitz and spaceship Troopers The pictorial matterIn this paper I believe to explore the attitudes toward the value of individual behavior vs. the value of a community as a whole expressed in A Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers the Movie by analyzing their treatment of information control, euthanasia, and the topic of obtaining happiness through a sense of purpose.Starship Troopers may be a satire of a fascistic state or an apology for fascist ideology or neither (I dont pretend to know which). In any case, it is a moving-picture show of a possible state of personal business that could theoretic solelyy arise out of a futuristic fascist regime. The ideology advocated by this state, and for the most part by its subjects, is one that treats the state as something great than the sum of its separate, as a benevolent machine that will take care of the people as tenacious as the people are uncoerced to sacrifice as much of themselves as necessary to k eep it oiled. A Canticle for Leibowitz, at least from the perspective of the monks (again, this is non necessarily that of the author), takes a much to a greater extent individual approach to pursuing the common good. In other words, it treats the community, or species, as exactly the sum of its parts people are encouraged to kick upstairs the common good by furthering their own good. Progress is a result of individual motivation rather than of a mandate of the state.One way the difference between these two ideologies manifests itself is in the treatment of the control of information. In Starship Troopers, since everything is controlled by the government, so are all channels of information. In the movie, we see an nameless hand (presumably that of the common citizen) happily clicking on the government-controlled... ...ach relies on a different method of human motivation. Starship Troopers relies on an individuals submission to the govern of the state and willingness to forget about himself in terms of his own psyche in favor of a joint identity. A Canticle for Leibowitz supposes that people are trump out motivated as individuals that is, allowing people to act and exist as individuals increases their investment and interest in their own survival, which in turn increases that of the survival of the species. It also supposes that individuals rear be trusted as such, without a controlling system. Maybe this difference is why we are so unhinge when the first main character in A Canticle for Leibowitz dies (after we spend about a hundred and seven pages becoming attached to him), but the characters in Starship Troopers are so flat and inevitable that we really dont care when they die. A Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers The Movie EssayA Canticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers The MovieIn this paper I intend to explore the attitudes toward the value of individual life vs. the value of a community as a whole expressed in A C anticle for Leibowitz and Starship Troopers the Movie by analyzing their treatment of information control, euthanasia, and the idea of obtaining happiness through a sense of purpose.Starship Troopers may be a satire of a fascist state or an apology for fascist ideology or neither (I dont pretend to know which). In any case, it is a depiction of a possible state of affairs that could theoretically arise out of a futuristic fascist regime. The ideology advocated by this state, and for the most part by its subjects, is one that treats the state as something greater than the sum of its parts, as a benevolent machine that will take care of the people as long as the people are willing to sacrifice as much of themselves as necessary to keep it oiled. A Canticle for Leibowitz, at least from the perspective of the monks (again, this is not necessarily that of the author), takes a much more individual approach to pursuing the common good. In other words, it treats the community, or species, a s exactly the sum of its parts people are encouraged to further the common good by furthering their own good. Progress is a result of individual motivation rather than of a mandate of the state.One way the difference between these two ideologies manifests itself is in the treatment of the control of information. In Starship Troopers, since everything is controlled by the government, so are all channels of information. In the movie, we see an unidentified hand (presumably that of the common citizen) happily clicking on the government-controlled... ...ach relies on a different method of human motivation. Starship Troopers relies on an individuals submission to the rule of the state and willingness to forget about himself in terms of his own psyche in favor of a collective identity. A Canticle for Leibowitz supposes that people are best motivated as individuals that is, allowing people to act and exist as individuals increases their investment and interest in their own survival, which in turn increases that of the survival of the species. It also supposes that individuals can be trusted as such, without a controlling system. Maybe this difference is why we are so upset when the first main character in A Canticle for Leibowitz dies (after we spend about a hundred and seven pages becoming attached to him), but the characters in Starship Troopers are so flat and predictable that we really dont care when they die.

Growing up in different times: Heaney and Wordsworth

William Wordsworth grew up in the Lake District in Cumbria, England during the very end of the eighteenth speed of light and early nineteenth century. Here he lived with his aunt and sister. Being surrounded by nature was a huge impact on Wordsworths life. Nature was every amour from his instructor to almost his lover. He gradually grew to believe that nature was God. This idea that was everything for him is demonstrated very well in his poetry.Seamus Heaney was born in Northern Ireland in Derry. He was born before the height of the troubles but did live through a hard life living on a farm in plain Ireland. Living on the farm helped him to grow up and realise what real life was like. He retarded things like dealing with death.There are similarities in both poets writing. For example both people grew up with nature and it was nature that taught them what real life was truly like. There are also differences for Heaney nature was unaccompanied like a teacher while for Wordsworth n ature was even things like his conscience. Heaney grew from fear to confidence. Wordsworths writing was very philosophical and always contained a much deeper meaning than Heaneys writing did.This is just a few poems from Heaneys anthology Death of a Naturalist. In the poem Death of a Naturalist the change Seamus insures is one which we all experience yet at the time do not know that it has taken place and probably for some years will not know. The poem begins with a light description of the childhood ritual, collecting salientianspawn. Every year he collects jampotfuls to put on shelves both at home and school. Now as Heaney is quite an young he would not be aware of how the frogspawn got there. And no one is prepared to truthfully tell him. But his class teacher describes how The daddy frog called a bullfrog,And how he croaked, and how the mammy frogLaid hundreds of little eggs. But of get over this is not how it happened and of course eventually one day we all start out abou t sexuality. Heaneys day came when one year while collecting the frogspawn the angry frogsInvaded the flax-dam, he heard acoarse croaking that I had not heard before. He believes the frogs are beginning to gang up on him to take revenge for all the eggs he has taken but of course nothing of the sort is happening, it is just that all the frogs are having sex. On sods their loose necks pulsed liked sails. Some hoppedThe slap and plop were obscene threats.their blunt heads farting.I sickened, dour and ran. This image is a grotesque image in which subconsciously young Seamus discovers his sexuality. For a minute he is aware but afraid to admit it to himself in case he may lose that childhood innocence so he turns away sickened, longing for the moment that he was unaware of this disgusting act. track Shoot is again a different type of poem. In this poem Seamus has no fear to conquer and no bridge to cross whether real or imaginary. This poem is really about how far he has come. Rather t han cry over the death of animals in Early Purges, he is enjoying the killing of animals. He is completely carefree and not worried about shooting an animal or how badly wounded it should become or even if it dies. He is even stealthy so not to scare the animals to ensure he gets a kill. Rubber-booted, belted, tense as two parachutists,We climbed the iron gate. When an animal is finally killed they dont even care to suppose it as the pr looking glasss were too small.I have chosen two extracts from Wordsworth poem The serve. In the poem The Prelude (I) Wordsworth follows a similar theme of growing up. In this poem young Wordsworth takes a ride which is not his and he is feeling very adventurous. It was an act of stealthAnd troubled pleasure. He felt very good when he took the boat and was having a very good time, until Wordsworth realises what he has done wrong but this is not realised until he reaches his destination in the lake. The horizons bound, a huge peak, black and huge ,As if with voluntary power instinctUpreared its head. This is the climax of the poem and helps show the sudden change in mood. Wordsworth is happily rowing the boat when suddenly this huge big thing shows itself. To Wordsworth this is some sort of hideous creature. But in fact as you go through the poem you learn that this is the first few signs of his developing conscience. For many days my brainWorked with a dim and undetermined senseOf unknown modes of being oer my thoughtsThere hung a huge darkness.moved slowly through the mindBy day, and were a trouble to my brain. These show the signs of a guilty conscience, guilty from knowing he took the boat a moral Wordsworth is being taught about from nature and it again points to his emerging belief of Pantheism, that nature is God.The main focus in this poem The Prelude (II) is that of moving on. The poem has a picturesque setting of the twilight gloom This type of light however would tell Wordsworth to go inside, as if nature was sex ual intercourse him as a parent calls their children. But I heeded not their summons. So he carried on All shod with steel,We hissed along on the polished ice in games a nice use of alliteration to convey the movement of ice skating. But Wordsworth being a Pantheist he cannot stay so he wonders off not seldom from the uproar I retired. Wordsworth here shows his poetic ability and sagacity of nature because he realises that the hills are melancholic. His subconscious understanding of nature forces him to go off and explore. What he realises is that everything around him is moving. With visible motion her diurnal roundBehind me did they stretch in solemn train,Feebler and feebler, and I stood and watched bowl all was tranquil as dreamless sleep.The movement of the earth that he experiences here shows him that he is part of a moving, living universe. It is as if he has travelled with the spirit in God of nature.I think everyone could relate to Wordsworths and Heaneys poems in someway I know that I can relate to his feeling of a spirit in the woods. When I was lost I in the woods I felt as if someone was there showing where to go. The one thing we must all realise is that, we will all grow up it is unstoppable and inevitable. I savour the thought.

On the Road Essay

On the Road is not merely a tale of adventure. It is a fable of a journey of life. As the characters travel back and forth between places, they move from one phase of their life to the next. It is a story of friendship, realization, and growth. The storys ending highlights the end of a journey for Sal. Furthermore, it shows his metamorphosis as a human and his growth in terms of maturity. Also, the last set forth of the refreshing shows how he transformed in term s of how he viewed life and the people around him, most especially Dean.Most important of all, the latter part of the novel shows a much needed transition and change in Sals life. As he journeys alone, it serves as a symbol and a allegory of his growth and independence from Dean. His decision to venture fall out on his own without calling on Dean to join him is a metaphor. As was seen in the descent of the novel, Sal was mesmerized with Deans outlook of the world. He was at awe with how Dean lived his life. He wanted th e same life which was the reason he united Dean in travelling around the country.However, as the novel came to an end, so did Sals enchantment with Dean and the life he was living. His decision to go out on his own is evidence that he changed his view of the world. It showed how he outgrew their old ways and moved on to more important and valuable things in life. No longer was he interested in simple fun and the happy-go-lucky life. He aspired for more significance and meaning. He craved for a more purposeful life. The ending of the novel shows how Sal transformed as an individual. It showed how he moved on to a better life. Sadly, this meant disassociation with Dean and the life he chose to live.

The Different Motivational Theories

This model, namely expectancy theory, suggests that souls, acting through self-interest, adopt courses of action perceived as maximizing the prob energy of desirable outcomes for themselves. This desire to maximize self-interest provides aspiring leaders with unique opportunities to assume leadership roles by simultaneously meeting twain follower needs and organizational requirements. We intend to explicitly link expectancy theory and leadership concepts to demonstrate that leader interactions with followers permit the establishment of exceedingly motivational on the muse(p) environments.In so doing, individuals acquire the means to transcend their traditional roles of supervisor, manager, or follower, and realize their potentials as leaders. In order to remain free-enterprise(a) at home or within the global market, we moldiness stop relegating in our minds the functions of leadership to the office of the president or CEO of the organization. Instead, we must come to view the leadership role as part of every employees job, at all levels of the organization. (Isaac, Zerbe & Pitt, 2001, p. 212)Since its origins in the 1960s Equity Theory held forth the phone of helping to explain how employees respond to dapples in which they perceive they atomic number 18 being rewarded more or less preferably in comparison to a denotive doing similar incline. Shortly after its inception, Weick (1966) deemed it to be one of the most useful existing organizational behavior theories. Subsequent reviews concluded that the empirical evidence reenforcement Equity Theory was generally strong, especially with regards to how role players respond to under-reward situations.Equity Theory proposed that subjects respond to under-reward situations in various ways in an attempt to bring their paleness ratio back into balance. For example, subjects may choose a behavioral response to help reduce their feelings of inequity. They may respond in such ways as reducing their inputs (i. e. , not put forth as much effort) or increasing their outcomes (i. e. , ask for a raise).Subjects may instead use a cognitive response to reduce feelings of inequity such as selecting another person to use as their referent. Ultimately the subject may choose to exit the situation by deciding to transfer or quit the organization. Allen & White, 2002) Although previous Equity Theory research has concluded that under-rewarded subjects generally respond in a mood that is consistent with classic Equity Theory, it is not easy to auspicate which option they will select to bring their equity ratio into balance. This pretermit of specificity regarding what responses individuals experiencing inequity be likely to bring in is a serious shortcoming of the original Equity Theory.As such, the original Equity Theory eventually fell out of favor due in part to this inability to predict exactly how individuals would respond to an under-reward situation (e. . , lower their inputs, attempt to raise their outcomes, cognitively justifying the situation, decide to leave the organization). This lack of predictive ability of Equity Theory makes it much less useful to practitioners such as managers and human resource professionals who would greatly benefit if they could accurately predict the reactions that their employees would nourish to different inequitable situations. Accordingly, research on the topic of Equity Theory moved off in another direction.Inspired by lawful research, the procedural justice stream of research began to focus more on the fulfiles and procedures of how pay and deferred payment are determined, rather than the reactions that individuals curb to them. Equity Theory research became less popular and eventually withered away. (Allen & White, 2002) While changing organizational culture is not an easy process, it post be accomplished by accentuation a commitment to the individual employee. Despite the literatures heavy emphasis on the private v ault of heaven, many of the elements of Theory Z can be found in public organizations.This article describes one citys effort to change culture by emphasizing fair treatment of organizational members, employee involvement, two-way communication, employees personal development and recognition and camaraderie. During the past decade, organizations in the American society have faced great un currentty. The challenge of meeting the increasing competition of the Japanese and Western Europeans in the transnational marketplace, massive reordering of corporations through leveraged acquisitions and consolidations, and rapidly changing technology have impacted organizational life in the private sector.Public sector organizations have faced the effects of the new federalism, the Tax Re straining Act of 1986, taxpayer revolts, and numerous other events and actions which have caused disruption. These demands on American organizations, especially those coming from foreign competition, have force d leaders to question their management abilities and their organizations commitment to excel. As part of this introspection, an examination of the underlying treasures, beliefs, and attitudes of organizations has been undertaken, especially in the popular, non-academic literature (Watson & Burkhalter, 1992)Job Design for do employees has been categorized as a production line approach or an empowerment approach (Bowen & Lawler, 1992). The production line approach, as its name implies, is based on a Tayloristic view. It is based on four tenets simple tasks, clear division of labor, substitution of equipment and systems for employees, and little decision-making discretion of employees. This design seeks to gain customer satisfaction through efficiency, consistency, and low costs.It is imperative with the production line job design that IT is installed as a part of that design so as to facilitate matching it to the run encounters anticipated. The number and nature of the options fro m which the employee chooses should then be limited to matching the constraints on their decision-making authority. Any access to additional information would not only be of no use it would actually deter efficiency. For example, if all hamburgers are prepared to the same degree of doneness, giving a customer encounter person the option of enquire a customer how he/she would like the meat cooked would slow down the process.In fast food, cash registers (which also communicate orders to the backroom) prompt order-takers through the decisions that are allowable. Thus, the more standardized the service the more easily circumscribed technologically it can be(5) because the reality of the encounter is simple and presumed to be more easily captured than encounters in which provided services are customized and the outcome of any one such encounter is variable. The more circumscribed technologically the service is, the more efficiently the service can be performed but the more dependent upo n the circumscribing technology customer encounter service personnel become.Mechling & Little, 2000, p. 65) The Two-factor Theory, or Motivation and Hygiene Theory, purports to differentiate between intrinsical and extrinsic aspects of the job. The authors referred to the intrinsic factors as content or motivators, and they include achievement, advancement, the work itself, responsibility, and recognition. The extrinsic factors were referred to as hygiene has and included company policy and administration, technical supervision, working conditions, salary, and interpersonal supervision. (Maidani, 1991) the applicability of Herzbergs Two-factor Theory of job Satisfaction among public and private sector employees.The study, therefore was designed to investigate the job content (motivators or intrinsic) and job context (hygiene or extrinsic) factors contributing to job satisfaction among those employees. Furthermore, the study attempted to determine whether using this instrument would yield the same results as those of Herzberg et al. (1959) using the precise incidents techniques. Hypothesis 1 was supported. Significant differences were found due to the fact that the satisfied group determine motivator significantly more than the dissatisfied group. A t-value of 1. 98 indicated that a significant difference existed between the two groups.Hypothesis 2 was not supported. No significant differences were found between the satisfied and dissatisfied employees relating to value placed on hygiene factors. Hypothesis 3 was not supported as no significant differences were found between private and public sector employees on the value placed on motivator factors. (Maidani, 1991) The expectancy theory formulated by Edward C Tolman in the 1930s (whereby behavior rests on the spontaneous tendency for individuals to balance the value of expected benefits against the expenditure of energy) falls into the same stimulus-response approach to motivation.It demonstrates that a n individuals strength of motivation can be affected by the expectations of outcomes from certain actions and further strengthened by the individuals preferred outcome, as demonstrated by Victor H. Vroom in the 1960s. Individuals are consciously self-interested in the outcomes of their actions. For example, a worker may put in extra time and effort to a project and expect to be paid more money. That is his desired reward and what he expects. If he does not receive, what he expects his motivational level will fall dramatically.Elton Mayo, in the Hawthorne experiments concluded that individuals adjusted their motivational levels to fit in with the group. The individual values the approval and acceptance of others and will conform to the groups motivational standards in order to fit in. One important point about expectancy theory is that individual perceptions can be very different, and the motivation and behavior of individuals will vary considerably.It pays, therefore, in external st imuli to bear in mind that 1. he routes to desired outcomes for individuals and teams are clear and 2. individuals perceive the rewards or punishments in different ways according to their own values. There is a great need to treat people as individuals but as the 5050 rule also indicates, other motivational factors should always be set in the context of the individuals managed environment. Leaders have a vital role to play in creating a motivational environment in which their team members can excel by in duty tour using the motivation within themselves.To be able to do this, we as leaders need to begin by looking at ourselves and getting our percentage right before we can criticize others. (Thomas, 2004, p. 61) Process models are based on the important insight that responses to (persuasive) messages do not only take the form of controlled, capacity-intensive cognitive processes, or only the form of simple automatic processes involving little working memory. Message processing may be dominated by either form, or it may blend the two, depending on our ability and motivation to think about the substance of a message.Affective processes appear to (a) influence levels of motivation and ability to process in a thoughtful manner, (b) guide the retrieval of information from memory, and (c) provide cues to simple responses (Babrow, 1993, p. 111) Dialectical perspectives on communication also embody multiple- process theory. Of course, dialectical analyses of one sort or another have been discussed for centuries (see Adler, 1952). As numerous dialectical thinkers have pointed out, however, several themes are consistent in these writings these themes exemplify some of the most desirable potentialities of multiple- process theory.The most elemental theme in dialectical thinking is that of opposition dialectic either begins or ends with some sort of intellectual conflict, or develops and resolves around such oppositions ( Adler, 1952 , p. 350). Dialectical opposites ar e mutually conditioning (the occurrence, existence, or meaning of one pole is conditioned by its opposite) and at the same time mutually excluding . For instance, sound presupposes but also excludes silence, and so too for amity and enmity, motion and stillness. (Babrow, 1993, p. 15)All of these theories thrive on the perception of the individual working to better themselves in some way. They differ in their methods, some look at how the individual will work for recognition, advancement, or just for encouragement. All of these methods are effective means of making individuals and groups work more efficiently. However, it is important to point out that each method does not work for the same situation. One must be able to differentiate between the theories in order to determine the best means.

Ryanair Business Model

MEMO To Steven Rand From Morgan Murphy and James Klein Subject Response to Memo Assignement Date February 28, 2013 Purpose Demonstrate the similarities and differences between an article from a powder magazine and an article from an academic journal and apply what is learned to future learning. Summary The beas that go away be examined regarding the two articles entrust be tone, vocabulary, author background, details closely the airline that atomic number 18 included and excluded, as well as length.Using this examination we will decide how to treat academic and magazine articles from here forth. Discussion To dismay with, Ryanair is a European budget airline based out of Dublin, Ireland. They are able to keep prices low, such as a round trip shred from Dublin to Edinburgh for $30, because of their numerous budgeting techniques. The techniques and ideas apply to cut costs, such as paying to use the restroom, cause a lot of controversy amongst the consumers. Still Ryanair has one of the largest fleets in Europe and continually has its flights filled near to capacity.The question asked by these two articles is whether or not this type of task plan can last and if consumers will continue to put up with Ryanairs budget tactics. The tone of each of the articles is the first trait noticed by the reader. The titles of each of these articles are a redeeming(prenominal) indication of what the tone will be throughout the article. The Newsweek article, Is this some(prenominal) Way to Run An Airline ( each Way to Run), puts the reader immediately in a relaxed raise and almost makes the reader feel as though the author is on their side.On the other script, the article by the International Journal of Transport Management has a more than formal title suggesting to the reader that this article is more for relaying facts than opinions. This article is titled, The Sustainability of the Ryanair mold (Ryanair Model). The introductions for both of these articles are also very different in their tone. Ryanair Model uses only facts and statistics to give the reader a short background as to where Ryanair stands amongst its competitors.However, in Any Way to Run there is a background on the current savings techniques used by Ryanair that right off affect their customers because this article is meant to be read mainly by Ryanair customers. Going hand in hand with tone, vocabulary can also contribute to how formal or relaxed an article may sound. The type of vocabulary used in each article is used to effectively reach the targeted audience of each article. The vocabulary used in Any Way to Run is meant to be simple due to the fact that Newsweek is beingness read by a much larger audience than an academic a journal would be.There are also umpteen more quotes by Ryanairs CEO, Michael OLeary, that are in fairly simple terms. An example of this would be OLearys comment about fares when he stated, You paid us a fare of $19-go away. The other end of the spectrum is more technical vocabulary. Vocabulary that is used in Ryanair Model is only fully understood by political economy and business professionals. In the Ryanair Model article, each section begins with pure statistics and facts with many terms such as net margin, industry average, deregulation etc.These terms are somewhat understood by the common reader but in order for their full meaning to be understood it would take a business professional to understand the meanings behind them. There are also many tables and charts included in this article that would make mean more to someone who is known with reading those kinds of statistics. The choice of vocabulary is made by the author and the background of the author can determine what kind of vocabulary they may choose to use. The article, Any Way to Run, was written by Daniel McGinn MBA.The academic article, Ryanair Model, was written by Sean Barrett PhD. While these authors are fairly similar in their qualifications for writing , Barrett, being an economics professor at Trinity College, is much more qualified to comment on qualities of business models and McGinn is much more capable of capturing the consumer perspective. After reviewing the authors profiles it makes sense that Barrett would give the reader tremendous amounts of facts in his article and then comment on whether or not what Ryanair is doing is a good business decision, strictly from an economic stand point.McGinn, being a reporter and affirm some knowledge on the economics behind the Ryanair model, would choose to comment only on quotes from customers and employees of Ryanair. While these authors are writing to different audiences there are still some facts about Ryanair that are included in both articles. Both the Newsweek and the tape transport Journal articles comment on Ryanairs extensive use of the Boeing 737-800 aircraft. They both mention how versatile an aircraft it is and how it is able to hold a large amount of passengers. Any W ay to Run goes into more depth about what it means to the consumer to have an aircraft that can hold more passengers. Ryanair Model on the other hand goes more in depth about how Ryanair was able to negotiate with Boeing to purchase these aircraft as cheap as they did. One of the most visible and, aside from tone, the most noticeable to the viewer is length of the article. Length is one of the main deciding factors in how much credibility is received by an article, academic or general.The length directly correlates to how many sources are cited within the article and how much information is available. Ryanair Model is much longer than Any Way to Run because academic articles need many more sources to sustain their credibility in the academic world. In Ryanair Model most of the length is taken up with facts and statistics about Ryanair and its competitors while opinions make up most of the Any Way to Run article. Action Statement After an in depth analysis and comparison of this aca demic and magazine article we have realized the different intended uses for each article.From this point forward we will also keep in mind, when reading magazine articles, that they are meant to be large-hearted to the reader and not necessarily include all the facts about the topic. For academic articles we learned that we may not necessarily understand all the content unless we are well versed in the field that the article is written for. Going forward, if we need an in depth analysis of a specific subject we will research and use academic journals. If we need more of an overview of a topic we will use magazine articles.

A midsummer nights dream By william shakespeare

Midsummer nights dream is one of the classic romantic comedy pretends of William Shakespeare. William Shakespeare is the one of the best writer who of all time lived.He deeply looks at the society with a very different perspective. In his play midsummer nights dream he has depicted the feelings of do and desire with a very different point of view. Exact year when Midsummer nights dream was pen is not known but it is supposed that is written around 1595 or 1596. (William Shakespeare biography and works, 1)In A Midsummer-Nights Dream, for the first time, Shakespeare uses an outside force which interferes in and controls the affairs of men. Oberon moves unseen, unheard, and unsuspected to the solution of the sole problem of the play (so far as the mortals are concerned) that of restoring Demetriuss experience to Helena.Although he differs in form and nature from Shakespeares later notable forces of control as markedly as they differ from one an some other, the fairyland king is l ike them all both in his essential dramatic function and in the attributes which enable him to perform this function superlative power and superior awareness. handle the Fate that operates throughout Romeo and Juliet (according to the Prologue) and the Fate of which the witches are the visible figureheads in Macbeth, but contrary Duke Vincentio in Measure for Measure and Prospero in The Tempest, Oberon is supernatural and immortal. Like Vincentio and Prospero, and unlike Fate in the tragedies, he is benevolent. Like Fate itself and unlike the others, he remains always invisible to the mortal participants but, unlike Fate, he is visible to us. Like all the others except the Fate of Romeo and Juliet, he makes observable contact with mortals, either directly or through an intermediary.Also like all the others except the Fate of Romeo and Juliet, he requires special aids or props in wielding his power.Unlike all the others, he is concerned quite incidentally with the affairs of mort als. And, finally, he fell a little concise of the others omniscience and omnipotence under his direction things can temporarily get out of hand.The play is a light entertainment comedy that has three main plots interlinked with each other firstly the celebrations of the wedding of Theseus the Duke of capital of Greece, to Hippolyta, Queen of the Amazons, secondly the mishap created between the couples and the involvement of the fairies in the scenario.The story mainly revolves around the two couples who are in love with each other but a little mistake creates chaos and comedy in the story. (A midsummer nights dream- Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 1)The play starts with the scene in Athens when four days left in the wedding and the celebrations and preparations are at their peak when Egeus arrives complaining about his daughter Hermia. With him Egeus brings two men Demetrius and Lysander. His problem is that he wants Hermia to link up Demetrius but Hermia is in deep love with Ly sander and refuses to marry Demetrius.Her father continuously forces her for the marriage and also threatens her to marry Demetrius or either he leave kill her or banish her according to the ancient law for a disobedient daughter.The Duke reminds Hermia of her duty as an obedient daughter to respect her fathers wish and marry Demetrius and that she has time till the new moon to make up her mind regarding this matter otherwise the Duke will adjudge to forcefully enforce the ancient law.Hearing this Hermia and Lysander fixed to save their love by escaping from Athens into the nearby woods and then getting married in nearby town away from the ancient law. Hermia tells her proposal to her best friend Helena who is a babble mouth and had been in love with Demetrius and can do anything to get his affection and love. She spills the plan of Hermias escape in front of Demetrius and hope that they can catch Hermia and Lysander in the forest. (A midsummer nights dream, 1)In the forest the King of Fairies Oberon and the Queen of fairies Titania are having a quarrel about an Indian orphan boy that who will have the boy. The king wants the boy as his servant where as the queen is not allowing him demanding that she will keep the boy. (A midsummer nights dream, 1)Desperate to have the boy the king orders his most faithful fairy Puck to go and search for the magic flower, whose juice when dropped on some ones eyeball the person will go through in love immediately with the first person he sees after waking.Oberon had the plans in his mind that Titania will fall in love with anybody she sees and in return he will get the boy for himself. Puck brings the flower and puts the juice in the eyes of the sleeping Queen. The tradesmen in Athens plan to perform a crude play about Pyramus and Thisbe at the wedding of The DukeThe troupe of the players that are going to perform the play includes notch Bottom who is a weaver and thinks he is very much clever and efficient that the ro le hes playing will make the play a big hit but his fellows do not think so they decide to go and rehearse in the woods.

European Management

Generally, there are two types of customers in the wedding band business. One of them is a couple who is getting engaged or getting married and therefore needs a wedding band to wear it life-long the second type of customers is a couple who nail downs to change their wedding bands and buy a new one. 1. 1 Description of Values, Strategy, Mission & Vision, and Actual bank line & In this part of our work we overtake you the description of the follow in the general meaning, as well as its values, vision and mission. Moreover, we analyze its actual usiness and management model.Every companionship in the world should arouse its own values. It means that companies are guided by some principles and internal conducts. Moreover, all of the companies are connected to their customers, partners, shareholders, and etc. In order to attract or influence those stakeholders companies usually state their vision and mission (BusinessDictionary, n. d. ). The values of the lodge Rubin Alyans are go ld wedding bands and solitaire rings. Those products are very important for the company and also for the buyers as they are the customers of the companys customers, the so- called end-users.Traditionally in many countries married couples wear wedding bands to show or announce to the world that they are married. The fact that the company value is also a multicultural sign decides any action and dodge. Another value of the company is there special packages as including nice presents for the couples. The strategy of this company is highly sensitive on the smell of the products because its products are mostly worn during the day and night, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. There is no other product that a person wears on him or her such a long time. The vision of the company is much more competitive.They are thriving to be in a competition in which other companies compete with their price and not many of them have a strange and unpredictable vision. So the company would like to stay wi th their competitive advantages, increase them in the future. Their future vision is also to grow, therefore first become a mid-sized and then a big-sized company in order to expand also more into foreign countries to increase the possibility of targeting new countries more easily due to financial terms. The company mission is to produce and sell wedding bands to the couples that they can wear lifelong without any complaints.The way to success in their business is to make the high quality wedding band with the elegance and simple design. The simplicity of the ring is important because for many people it is difficult to choose the wedding ring which they would admire forever. Those who decide and buy the product know very well that the choice is very important. Besides all of the strategies and marketing plans, the most important function in jewelry business is that the product has a change value as it is operating in the gold business. The accuracy that you mark inside the ring sho uld be sort out with the rings.Better to explain by an example When you mark 14K in the ring the accuracy should be 585 which is the gram percentage of the gold in 1 kg. If it is less than the mark one, it has a serious penalty and besides everything mentioned, whatever we do we always have to be sure of the gold accuracy of ring. 1. 1. 2 Actual Business Model This company fills rather the criteria of an actual business model than of a traditional business model due to the following reasons. 2 The process of creating well-situated rings is based on market needs, so to say on the actual demands of customers.The customers demand for the rings and therefore, edding bands are developed, created, and at least produced. Hence, the demand for stigmatise capital is high. We can see a customer-focus because they are those who decide how their final wedding ring will look like. The wedding rings are created harmonise to the customers. To be aware of the need of customization in this busi ness is a very important factor to be successful in the gold industry. It is also practical to imply that there is a high demand for human capital.

Essay About Stereotyping Essay

Chimamanda Adichie uses the phrase The risk of a Single Story. She states it robs quite a little of dignity. It makes our recognition of our equal humanity difficult. It emphasizes how we argon different rather than how we ar homogeneous. Adichie was referring to stereotyping or is what she calls The Danger of a Single Story. A single flooring is an oversimplified, usually pejorative, view people hold toward those outside ones own experience who are different. Adichie says The single story creates stereotypes, and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, exactly that they are incomplete. They make one story become the only(prenominal) story. When she stated that it brought me back to my childhood because I remember as a young African American girl growing up with a bunch of Caucasians. I used to get judged because I was disconsolate and many another(prenominal) kids thought that I came from Africa and that I wasnt smart or that I didnt excite the ability to read or write because I was African American. They were basically calling me dumb and were sort all African Americans in that category and I provided thought oh they were just joking around, but I came to realize that they werent joking.They were kids who were saying things that they have over heard about in their mob or have been taught growing up. Stereotyping is still an issue in society today and I palpate as though everyone stereotypes. There are many different viewpoints from every individual in the universe of discourse from their race, background, gender, as well as their age groups. According to Joi Downing, stereotyping is formed many different ways and for many different reasons. Joi states that stereotyping is formed to describe a person or to make judgments about a person. She believes they are formed by social media and what people where taught when growing up. Downing says she doesnt believe that they were formed in todays time but that they have evolved from the past. She believes the only reason people stereotype is because that is how they were elevated and/or they are just doing what they saw when they were growing up. She states Ive seen this happen in front of my look and I knowmany people like this.Downing has reasons and is certain that most people just stereotype because they see other people doing it so they do the same and then there are others who are just doing what they were taught. Although Anthony has the same views as Joi, they differ in many ways. Anthony argues that most people do not intentionally squiffy to pass judgment on people, however others do. He states Personally, I commemorate it is part of human nature to place things into categories. But, over time, we as people have learned how to screen people and things into certain groups depending on color, race, size, or economic stability. He says that most people simply and innocently assume that due to similarities between individuals or things, they can be a utomatically categorized. Anthony states that Sometimes we end up placing them into a category that has nothing to do with them, but because they seem to look or act similar to something, we automatically assume they are the same.Anthony believes that everyone automatically stereotypes no matter what, but dont mean to. Joi and Anthony have just about the same views on single stories, but their views are a minute different in some aspects. Anthony argues that people do not intentionally mean to pass judgments on people, but Joi thinks a little differently. She believes that most people just stereotype because they see other people doing it, so they are intentionally meaning to judge or stereotype others. As Anthony being an erstwhile(a) Caucasian male, he has different ways of looking at stereotyping than Joi being a young African American female. There are different viewpoints abut stereotyping from many races, age groups as well as gender.

Key Stakeholders of Sara Lee Company

Stakeholders are frequently considered the lifeline of a club. They share a common interest in the health and well creation of a order and often support a company financially and morally. Within any validation key stakeholders include individuals and groups within the organization that have a stake in the well-being or everyplaceall achiever of the organization. Stakeholders aim is to make sure a company deliver positive results and remain operable through its product and service offerings. Stakeholders often have much say in an organizations daily functioning. They may influence the products or services that a company offers and may influence programs or organizational systems. discover stakeholders at Sara Lee come primarily from within the company.They key players at Sara Lee include members of anxiety and employees but also some external clients including suppliers. Other stakeholders that may share a vested interest in the company include community members, investor s, internal and external customers and even board members. Each of these groups has a various stake in the company. For example a supplier group interested in the well being of the company include a group of roughly 5,000 farmers that provide coffee, banana, beans and vanilla to the company from Uganda (Sara Lee, 2005). These stakeholders impart continue to advance as long as Sara Lee continues to do well and continues to utilize their services.Since Sara Lees product market is so diverse and includes food, apparel and household brands (Singh, 2003) the companys stakeholder base is quite large. The multinational corporation has key stakeholders in legion(predicate) other countries across the globe including employees and managers in Europe possibly India in the near future. Joint ventures and acquisitions over clipping have also increased Sara Lees stakeholder base to include representatives from companies partnering with Sara Lee such as consolidated Grocers Corporation, Oxfor d Chemical Corporation, Adams-Mills Corporation, Nutri-Metics, and Hills Bros. and more (Singh, 2003).As Sara Lee continues to grow and acquire other companies its key stakeholder base will continue to grow. Other important members include board members and investors in the company, as well as the corporations slip by managers including the CEO and COO of the company (Singh, 2003). As long as net sales continue to ease up new heights, which they do, the company can rest assured that the majority of their stakeholders interests will be met time and time again. Shareholders are also important stakeholders at Sara Lee (Singh, 2003).The companys shareholder base continues to grow as the company continues to expand into global markets. While internal stakeholders may help provide balance and insight into on-going operations, external stakeholders including suppliers are equally important because they can information management of emerging challenges or trends within the industry that may have to be overcome.Organizations partnering with Sara Lee may also be considered stakeholders in the organization. The impart of the company Nathan Cummings is also a key stakeholder in the company that continually invests toward the companies continuing success and future (Singh, 2003). Even HP Corporation may be considered a key stakeholder in Sara Lees success. HP Corporation currently supplies Sara Lee with services and support for more than 300 computer based systems and telecom networks (HP, 2005).

Case Study Product Innovation at Bank of America

BANKING STRATEGIES Case Study Product Innovation at depose of the States By Cindy Murray What ? nancial institutions backside learn from inventions and stirversions in former(a) industries. owhere is conversion more than essential to choice than in the briming industry. In the payments domain, for example, nonbank competitors less constrained by bank regulations and therefore more agile atomic number 18 changing the banking industrys grip on the public perception of banks as the plainly certain brand for holding and moving money. However, innovation is ch altogetherenging for banks. Many merchandises, standardised payments, are a commodity.A huge number of products and a complex infrastructure require continual upgrades to keep apace with technology advancements and fall show up with evolving regulations and security requirements. This article describes how desire of the States fosters a culture of innovation. Pivotal to an advanced(a) culture is the assume engagem ent of guests in the innovation change. We highlight some of the ways that Bank of America achieves this. But ? rst well compute at the role of innovation process in building brand loyalty. N Build instigator Equity Through Progressive Transformation Change brush aside occur by rede? ning a job or rede? ing a solution. According to Robert Sternberg, a leading creativity expert,1 creativity is the ability to rede? ne a problem. Innovation can be viewed as the ability to rede? ne a solution. Successful innovation is a process over clippingone that typically happens in increments rather than leaps. Rarely is a adept innovation a game changer. In banking, 90 percent of innovation focuses on core competencies (that is, business-as-usual innovation), septet percent on game-changing innovation MAYJUNE 2009 within core competencies and only three percent on leaps that signi? cantly shift the guest experience.Outside of banking, an evolutionary approach to innovation is also the rule , not the exception. Continual improvements throughout a products life cycle build brand equity. Take the case of Nabiscos oreo cooky cookie, the bestselling cookie in the United States. In 1912, Nabisco came up with the approximation of devil chocolate disks with cream ? lling in between. Since so it has released Double Stuff cookies with more ? lling fudge-covered Oreos holiday cookies, including Halloween and Christmas cookies bite-sized Oreos for children and reduced-fat Oreos. Oreos illustrate two important aspects of product innovation.First, Nabisco stayed impede to its clients. It understood how needs varied among consumers and changed over time. The attach to developed its product to meet the needs of a continually broader set of consumers. Second, the example illustrates an incremental approach to innovation that focuses on advancing core products. The iPod was at once the next smell in an evolutionary process and also a creative leap. This product integrated a num ber of capabilities in a portable device, but it was not the ? rst MP3 player. However, the excogitation of iTunes was a peeled business model that changed the way consumers could store and listen to music.The iPod was transformative, too, because it aligned with changing consumer conduct re? ected in trends of mobility and customization. Technology enabled a tipping point. Consumers were ready to embrace a leap. Cindy Murray is Head of Product Innovation at Bank of America. Contact her at cindy. emailprotected com. commercialised LENDING retread 35 Banking Strategies way that stays shoemakers last to customers evolving needs. For example, through ethnographic research, we discovered a common practice among consumers of rounding up when writing check-out procedures. We took the approximation of rounding up and turned it on its headrede? ing Innovation is a process over timean evolutionary the problem by associating payments with de functionrances. path. An incremental approa ch to innovation mirrors How can we foster change magnitude saving? With Keep the the gradual way in which people change. Consumer Change, distributively time a customer pays use a Bank of behavior tends to change gradually. Successful innovation is customer driven. It gets as America check card, the bank rounds the payment close as possible to the customers current process. to the nearest sawbuck and transfers the extra change A deep understanding of how customers operate to the customers savings account. odayand wherefore they do what they dogives inNow, instead of check writers rounding up, the sight into how to improve the process how to create bank does it for thembut in a way that builds their a step forward for the customer. savings. The solution also facilitates increased use of Further, by directly engaging customers in the indebit cards, thereby supporting retailers efforts to novation process, they become deeply perpetrate discourage check payments. It was also a ti mely soluto, and invested in, a solution, which took advantage tions evolutionary path. f evolving consumer beThis makes innovation a havior toward increased primary variousiator, ancard usage. Change can occur by rede? ning a other way of creating value Ethnographic research problem or rede? ning a solution. for customers by enriching has also been chance on to improvtheir experience and reining our electronic banking forcing loyalty over time. course of study, CashPro, over Staying close to the customer is one of the close to importime. For example, we intentional an enhancement based tant attributes of a successful innovation process. on a typical client clear ? ow for handling exceptions.By closely watching how 15 companies were posting their receivables, we identi? ed a common practice of bug out Close to the Customer placing a cohesive note on invoices when they did not match payment. Staff would then fax an invoice to At Bank of America, customers play a underlying r ole at the sales representative to inquire about the discrepancy. We every stage of the product innovation process. There incorporated an electronic sticky note with email capaare a number of ways in which we directly engage bility in CashPro, so that clients could maintain their our customers throughout product development. ork-? ow process in the online environment. We use a range of formal techniques for idea generation. Formal techniques focus on gaining deepened client insight and are important when Amplify the we have moderate training about an opportunity Voice of the Customer and the related customer need. Formal idea mining typically requires expertise through our internal innovation group or external specialized vendors. CashPro is a great example both of innovating in Ethnographic research is an important whoreson for increments to improve a product over time and of engenerating innovation ideas.Observation provides gaging clients in an evolutionary innovation proces s. insight into customer behavior and needs. ReturnWith CashPro, we established a customer advisory ing to the Oreo example, the idea for a bite-sized board, which has been closely involved in the prodcookie began to germinate when Nabisco researchers ucts development. With CashPro, the innovation watched young children grapple with dunking the process becomes part of the client experience, thereby full-sized cookie in smaller cups. increasing customer satisfaction.For example, with Ethnographic research helps Bank of America CashPro, clients prefer self-service for upgrades. understand how to advance our core products in a They are fully vested in the change process. shoot Clients in the Evolutionary Path 36 COMMERCIAL LENDING review MAYJUNE 2009 Banking Strategies Our strategic client program, exchequer Exchange, At the other end of the spectrum, responsibility serves to amplify our voice of the customer research. for innovation can be centralized in a shared serClients are long -term program members in elder vice center.At Bank of America, we have dedicated treasury and/or ? nance roles within their organizastaff focused on game-changing innovations. At tions. They meet regularlyat frequencies varying the same time, our entire organization recognizes from once per depict to yearly. The program enables the importance of ongoing process improvement participants to share insights on best practices and and enhancements. learn from each other, while helping us to better understand their challenges and needs. A detailed executive Work with Peers drumhead that identi? s key discussion themes helps pinpoint areas for deepening discussion and exploraTo maintain a competitive edge, banks more and more tion. Conference calls exploring priority topics serve allow for realize for ways to work with clients, technolas touch points between in person meetings. ogy companies and other ? nancial institutions We also look to Treasury Exchange members to to combine stren gths. For example, in May 2008, validate and ? esh out new product ideas and to Bank of America announced a partnership with provide validation at points in the product develWells Fargo called Pariter Solutions LLC.The opment cycle. Treasury 50-50 joint venture will Exchange members have operate the commercialsubmitted innovation ized ACH platform that ideas under the auspices will be leveraged by the An incremental approach to of the program. Customer two banks. The goal is to innovation mirrors the gradual way advisory boards and spegain economies of scale in which people change. cial client programs like and better position both Treasury Exchange augbanks to develop future ment our extensive voice products with a single of the customer research. nvestment in the underlying processing engine instead of duplicative investments. Its a platform for growth and innovation. Cultivate a Culture of Innovation Its important to be open to ideas from all sources. Thats part of cultivating a culture of innovation. At Bank of America, all associates are invited to collaborate in the innovation process. For example, associates can submit their ideas online via IdeasZone, an internal intranet site. These ideas are funneled into the idea stream and receive equal fear within our innovation process.Collaborate with Technology Innovators In banking, technology is an enabler of innovation. Therefore, its important that banks collaborate with their technology providers. Bank of Americas collaboration with Microsoft is a great example of how we work with technology companies to develop sophisticated applications. Cash positioning and forecasting continue to be key client challenges. We spoke with clients to determine how they bring to pass money positioning and forecasting. Treasurers might use a treasury workstation, an Excel spreadsheet or a conspiracy of tools.However, treasurers who rely on treasury workstations typically supplement their process with an Excel spreadsheet . Our research also con? rmed that many clients have dif? culty building a historical database of information for trend compend to support forecasting. COMMERCIAL LENDING REVIEW Foster Employees There are different options for organizational structure to foster an innovative environment. At Google, its part of everyones job to innovate. There is a decentralized approach to innovation in which all employees are engaged and given incentives.Its built into their objectives and re? ected in their allowance increases and bonuses. MAYJUNE 2009 37 Banking Strategies Bank of America worked with Microsoft to develop CashPro Accelerate. This tool accepts information feeds across all of a clients bank accounts and automates the cash-positioning process. It also builds a historical database that clients can use for forecasting. Keep moving Forward I am not discouraged, because every wrong attempt discarded is another step forward. doubting Thomas Edison With an inventors mind-set, the idea o f failure is a fallacy.Some who know best have rase looked at failures as a continual path forward. Besides being the still-unrivaled record holder of 1,093 U. S. patents, Thomas Edison broadened the concept of the invention to whats known today as innovationinvention, R & D and commercialization. 3 advanced(a) companies ? nd ways to leverage new insights to keep moving forward. The creation of 3M Post-it notes is a classic study of turning failure on its head and using creativity to rede? ne a problem. Spencer Silver was work on developing a strong adhesive but invented a weak one instead.Silvers colleague Arthur Fry came up with a novel application for the weak adhesive, which became the basis for Post-it notesa new vehicle for communicationwhich Bank of America used in its CashPro innovation. Sometimes the leap is in how we look at things. Build a Brain Trust In a September 2008 discommode of H ARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW, Ed Catmull, cofounder of Pixar and the president of Pixar and Disney Animation Studios, talked about how Pixar fosters collective creativity. One of Pixar s core operate principles is that, We must stay close to innovations happening in the academic community. 2 Its part of the companys effort to eliminate boundaries between different disciplines. Earlier this year, Bank of America and MITs Media lab announced the creation of the Center for Future Banking. Over the next ? ve years, Bank of America will lend $3 million to $5 million annually. The center is a prototype for how business and academia can work together to invent the future of an entire industry. It will bring together researchers with radically different perspectives, including behavioral economists, social scientists, computer scientists, psychologists, contriveers and others.The goal is to trigger unexpected new ideas that lead to innovation leaps in banking. Test, Learn, Evolve This inventor mentality is at the heart of our testand-learn environment, in which we deploy an initial solution design to get ? rsthand feedback from clients on its usability and value. At this stage, the intent is to address any issues or opportunities in the next loop-the-loop of the design. The process enables us to evolve our product design before we get to the pilot stage. As an iterative aspect process, the test-andlearn environment is a microcosm of the broader innovation process focused at a certain point in the development process.The Intelligent Cash Manager, a new end-to-end Bank of America solution, gives a live example of the test-and-learn approach. The solution concept germinated in a series of Treasury Exchange meetings, where clients identi? ed cash handling and deposit as a major pain point. Its an ATM-like machine that counts cash, accepts it for deposit and provides safekeeping. An issue related to jamming surfaced in the test-and-learn environment, which will inform a solution redesign. MAYJUNE 2009 Choose engaging Concepts Vetting ideas and buildin g a business case are key steps in the innovation process.Bank of America uses a scoring technique as part of our process for vetting ideas. Scoring criteria include whether a concept matches to plan objectives, whether it has wide applicability, its level of innovativeness and complexity and the potential magnitude of its impact. At Bank of America, for example, out of 919 ideas stock this year, 10 have been submitted for funding in 2009. Building a business case is a key step. An effective business case must describe the opportunity and its alignment with strategy and also describes the steer client and market within the context of the competitive landscape.Finally, it outlines the proposed approach, the risk and the ? nancial opportunity. 38 COMMERCIAL LENDING REVIEW Banking Strategies Storyboarding is a creative technique used in the early stage of ? lmmaking. Storyboarding can help festinate time-to-market. By not building the entire productbut rather using storyboards and pr ototypes in a test-and-learn environmentwe retain ? exibility even as we move further into the product-development process. Flexibility enables us to prioritize the most important features and integrate feedback and new insights from customers.It helps us to make smart choices with our investment dollars as products take more tangible form. The Next take shape in the Innovation Process The ability to synthesize information into insights will be an increasingly important part of creating a valuable client experiencenot only banks connecting to customersbut of customers connecting to each other for insight. Incubation and the cross-fertilization of ideas are important to the creative process. Bank of America is integrating online networking into its innovation process. For example, we are connecting participants in the Treasury Exchange program to an online forum.Our long-term vision is to involvement our various Treasury Exchange client groupswhich are based on industry, function a nd geographyinto a clientcentric global collaborative network. We also plan to introduce online ideation as a way to collaborate with Treasury Exchange participants on innovation. More broadly, the idea of integrating social networking into the banks innovation process holds tremendous promise. With our consumer base of 59 million households, social networking can be a powerful tool for engaging customers ? rsthand in product development. hen the next step integrates multiple aspects to transform the end-to-end client experience. To cite an earlier example, the iPod integrates communication speed, mobility and storage capacity. All of these come together, along with consumer readiness for change and the ingress of the iTunes business model. Within the banking realm, clients increasingly want banking solutions to integrate into their flowwhether flow constitutes, for example, a mobile consumer or the workflow related to a treasurers broader financial processes.The need to integrate payments in the broader customer experience will involve mobile technology in some form and the analysis of information to provide insight. For corporate customers, banks are already exhibiting time-sensitive information to personal digital assistants (PDAs) and cell phones. Information analysis and synthesis could help treasurers to improve broader ? nancial processes (for example, accounts payable or receivable), help optimize working capital and minimise cost and use payment information to deepen insight into customer behavior.We are already comprehend merchants, for example, use consumer payment information to tailor coupons to a customer s buying preferences. Banks can deliver robust information to consumers, for example, to help them weigh product features and engage in ? nancial planning to evaluate a purchase within a desired spending budget. Perhaps, ultimately, clients will want to take their bank accounts with them, storing practical(prenominal) money inside their mob ile phones. Banks have an opportunity to reassert their unique role as the certain brand in storing and moving money.Innovation will be critical to our success. What Might Be the Next Leap in Banking? Successful innovation continuously improves aspects of the customers experience. Leaps occur Endnotes 1 2 3 Professor at Tufts University research focuses on creativity. How Pixar Fosters Collective Creativity, HARVARD BUS. REV. , Sept. 2008, at 71. The Edison Papers, http//edison. rutgers. edu/biogrphy. htm. MAYJUNE 2009 COMMERCIAL LENDING REVIEW 39 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Inductively Coupled Plasma †Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Essay

The aspiration of this practical was to use an ICP-OES to perform a multi-elemental synopsis of different types of tea leaf leaf. The elements that were analysed in the tea were copper, iron, manganese and magnesium.The render is introduced into the plasma as an aerosol. Argon gas flows through three concentric quartz tubes in the plasma torch. This argon gas transports the sample from the nebulizer, acts as a cooling gas and is in like manner a seminal fluid of electrons and ions for the plasma 1. A magnetic field is created around the plasma torch. The ionisation process is started by the release of the argon gas from a spark produced by a tesla coil 1. During this process the plasma reaches a very high temperature and the sample is atomised.The atoms are then excited to a higher state. Since this is an emission analysis, the analysis is performed as the atoms emit energy and return to a lower energy state or their solid ground state. A spectrometer or monochromator is u sed to select the wavelength that is being analysed. The multi-element detector then gives us a readout that can be understand for each element that is analysed rationalise the benefits and limitations of plasma over a courtly flame used for FES with photometry and AAS. The benefits of using plasma are that the chemical interferences are decreased ascribable to the high temperatures that the plasma reaches and refractory elements can also undergo excitation.There are also galore(postnominal) wavelength for different that can be chosen for analysis so you dont have both elements that have wavelengths that are close to each other as this would interfere with the analysis. A limitation is that apparitional overlap can occur and the preparation of the samples is a very long process compared to that of the flame spectroscopyDataShow the calculations for you multi-element quantity.Instrument Perkin Elmer OES (optima 5300 DV)The preparation of multi-element standard snow0ppm solutio ns of (Cu), (Fe),(Mg) and (Mn ) were given. A working standard solution containing the consummate four elements was prepared in the following way 1 ml, 10 ml and 5 ml of Fe, Mg, and Mn were respectively added in one 100 ml volumetric flask. A solution of Cu was prepared separately (intermediate solution) by placing 1 ml of the 1000ppm Cu solution in a 100 ml volumetric flask and made up to the mark with distilled water, the resulting density was 10ppm. The formula that was used to write in code the volume of the 1000ppm Cu solution needed to prepare 10ppm solution in a 100 ml volumetric flask is C1V1 = C2V2 equation 1Where C1 is the sign concentrationC2 is the final concentrationV1 is the volume of the initial concentrationV2 is the total volume of the initial concentration and the solvent The volume of the barium required was metric as followsC1V1 = C2V21000ppm x V1 = 1ppm x 100mlV1 = 10 ppm x 100 ml1000 ppm= 1 mlThen 1 ml of the 10 ppm Cu solution was placed in the 100 ml vo lumetric flask that contained the other three elements, and made up to the mark with distilled water, this was the working standard solution. victimization equation 1 it is found that the concentrations of the elements in the working standard solution are as follows.Explain why the type of sample preparation carried out was necessary. The Acid digestion was suitable because a complete absent of analyte into the solution in order for the determination step to be introduced in liquid form is highly desirable and this method completely transfers the analyte into solution. This thus means that the digested sample is a complete solution of the analyte and has a complete decomposition of the matrix however with minimal loss or contaminated of the analyte Explain what matrix matching is and what problems may arise if this is not carried out.Matrix matching involves preparing solutions in which the major chemical compositions of the standards, blanks and samples are made identical thereby cancelling out the effect of the sample matrix on the analysis results. speckle matrix matching involves matching the solvents, it also involves matching the concentrations of acids and other major solutes. In case where the standard and sample matrices are quite different or cannot be matched and interference occurs as a result, privileged standards can be used.Comment on the correlation coefficient of your calibration graphs. The correlation coefficient measures the strength in the unidimensional relationship between two variables. A correlation coefficient of 1 would mean a very buckram linear relationship between two variables, which means the points form a perfect straight line. The correlation coefficients for the calibration graphs were very good. The calibration graphs for copper, iron, magnesium, and manganese gave correlation coefficients of 0.991539, 0.991005, 0.999874, and 0.999952 respectively. This shows that the samples were prepared very well and that there is a strong linear relationship between the emission and theconcentrations of the elements. Compare the different elements in the different types of tea. Which tea would you recommend and why? The tea that seems to be most essential for human consumption is the green tea owing to the high content of each and every element present in it. It has high concentration of manganese which is a vital substance in the body as it is an enzyme activator it keeps bones strong and healthy, and also maintains the health of our nerves. References1. Dr L Pillay, Chem 340, Instrumental Analysis, ICP-OES notes 2. http// www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrint& dbod=77(accessed 16/04/2013) 3. http//www.chemplex.com/petrochemical/multielementMetal.aspx(accessed 16/04/2013)

My Sisters Keeper Essay

In the novel My Sisters Keeper, the author Jodi Picoult brings up the issues of chaste ethics and family dynamics. She explores the balance between saving a childs life and putting some other child in danger. Although I think the main theme in the novel would be that you should forever and a day live in the picture instead of future, and live life it to the fullest.My Sisters Keeper is a moving spirit level about Ana who files a law suit over the rights of her body. Ana was born to provide blood, bone marrow and all(a) sorts of body parts for her sister Kate who has a serious case of Leukaemia. While this book is serious and jolly negative, I found a positive message between the lines. I think it is about non letting life pass you by and seizing every single day. This is the case when Kate is sick and Sara (the girls mother) is so preoccupied with Kates medical business that she forgets to just enjoy the eon with her family while she still can. The family spends so much time concentrating on Kates death and what will happen when she does pass that they miss the time she has left living. Sara also does not realise that she also forgets to spend time with her other children when she is too picky with Kate and her treatments, and makes her eldest, Jese feel left out and abandoned.I believe that the theme of living life in the present and living it to the fullest is very relevant to todays society, as everyone seems so busy and preoccupied with plans for the future. They are forgetting to live in the moment.

Roman Catholic Communion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

popish Catholic chewing - Essay ExampleHence, when it comes to rituals, converse tends to be an important ritual in the Roman Catholic religion. Communion in the Roman Catholic religion not only extends a sense of belonging to the Roman Catholics around the world, but also helps them stay connected with the essential beliefs and values associated with their religion. In the Roman Catholic perform, communion tends to be the source and centre of the Roman Catholic religion. Communion tends to be the high stage of any Roman Catholic mass. In the Roman Catholic church, communion happens to be an important sacrament. It is a way and means to reach Jesus. The Ritual of Communion The communion in the Roman Catholic Church begins with an opening prayer. The clergy conducting the mass makes a sign of cross and says the opening prayer. The clergy formally welcomes the believers attending the mass and offers prayers for the closely being of the parish and the familiarity. After the open ing prayer, the clergy starts the reading of the scripture. It does need to be mentioned that the reading of the scripture in a Catholic communion is not random or haphazard, but rather it follows a liturgical calendar. The Catholic Church has prescribed the readings for each and every day of the year. This practice of affiliating to the same reading on a particular day at the Catholic Churches placed all across the world, lends a sense of community and camaraderie to the people following the Catholic religion. The reading of the scripture is followed by the Lords Prayer. erstwhile the Lords Prayer is said then begins the sacrament of communion. The priest offers to the believers gathered in the Church for the mass, the bead dipped in wine, which at a symbolic level is taken to be the beginning and body of Jesus, offered to the believers so that it could atone for the sins committed by them (OCollins & Farrugia 250). It does need to be mentioned that communion tends to be the most important aspect of a Catholic mass. The Roman Catholic religion preaches that receiving communion is a must for the attainment of salvation. The other important belief associated with the Roman Catholic communion is that only a priest, who has been ordained in the apostolic succession, could manifest through Jesus Christ the imminent miracle of Transubstantiation, thereby ever-changing the ordinary bread and wine into the blood and body of the Christ. Meaning and Significance of Communion It does need to be noticed that Communion or Eucharist commands a central place in the Roman Catholic form of worship. Baptism and Communion are the two sacraments that have been cl primeval mentioned in the Bible. It is held that the practice of Communion was in truth started by Jesus Christ, and this ritual is clearly recorded in the Gospels. It was Jesus Christ who initiated the practice of the dwell Supper where he offered bread to His disciples, telling them that it is His body, and then ma de them drink a little wine, saying it to be His blood. Jesus told his followers to repeat this ceremony and the Catholic Christians have been practising this ritual right from the days of early Christians. The ritual of Communion owes its spiritual moorings to the sacraments relation to the actual sacrifice of Jesus on the cross. In the youthful Testament one many a times come across Jesus addressing himself as a sacrifice, thereby pointing towards his imminent sacrifice on

Term paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

line paper - Essay ExampleOne significant example of how one culture has intent melodious styles from other(a) cultures is jazz medical specialty. The role that has been played by blacks, creoles, and dusters in the musical amalgamation that eventually came up with jazz music is a vital element in the development of the genre. African Americans in the South, as swell up as those alert elsewhere in America, adopted many values held by their white loveseats. However, their musical style has remained inherently reflective of dichotomies that they faced as Americans living in the United States and these were absorbed into their music (Hardie 31). Slave music remained a distinctive cultural form for African Americans. African Americans had miniscule distinction between sacred and secular music. They sang varieties of songs as spirituals and for work, just as their ancestors had done in Western Africa. Black music was never limited to any single tradition of music. While we bleed to view black music in terms of all genres such as funk and other art forms, some of these genres are not informed by the reasoning that African American musicians dainty their music as an oral art form rather than a written one. African Americans, living in a country that was, and in some cases still is, covertly and overtly hostile to them, move to accommodate these different cultures in the United States with the aim of speaking out (Hardie 32). They fit these cultures very well into their music, which allowed them to incorporate and learn a new repertoire that became acceptable as part of their music, especially in the initial stages of jazz and its formation. In the 20s and 30s, many producers were in the business of marketing race records, which allowed them the chance to localize the black demographic and had more chance of making money (Hardie 35). African Americans were exposed to different music genres, and they played blues music rich with influence from performance b y the creoles. Their music also had borrowed aspects from Haiti, Cuba, and Jamaica and came to be known as Afro-Caribbean music. This style included some ethnic styles borrowed from the Spanish Creole, the French Creole, Germans, and the Cajun. A bit also arose where African Americans played jazz and folk music, sharing a repertoire of music with their counterpart White Americans (Hardie 35). Many locations in New Orleans, by the year 1940, consisted of an increasing population of citizens born outback(a) the United States. In this city, the brass wind ensemble of the 1840s, for example, the Richmond Light Infantry blue devils was enlisted in Southern America together with Allens Brass Band (Hardie 36). Some of the American states had a ordination that allowed free slaves. This allowed a few slaves and freemen to earn special a reputation and recognition as musicians and performers in the nineteenth century. Such artists included legends like Anthony Jackson and Klondike. Others included such Southern artists also Roland convert and William Grant, as well as female performers including Chieppie Hill and Bessie Smith. This list also extends to the disseminated multiple sclerosis Urban Blues singers like B.B. King and Muddy Waters (Hardie 36). There were also the buck dancers and reels of banjo pickers and slave fiddlers that had evolved from Northern Mississippis fife drum bands, New Orleanss brass bands and the Charlestown and Memphis based jug bands evolved into the early