Question Of Congress At Work Example

Question Of Congress At Work Example Question Of Congress At Work – Coursework Example Political science The Watergate Affairs The Watergate affair is arguably the most controversial event in American history in terms of political affairs. It changed the perception of citizens to the presidency significantly. Named after the Watergate apartment and office complex where most of the scandalous activities occurred, the affairs had political twists that incriminated Nixon. Nixon resigned owing to certain impeachment evidenced by his illegally recorded tapes.Nixon was a mysterious man with many enemies. Regrettably, he used his presidential powers to get back at his adversaries, and later had to cover up his actions. Spying, interference, clampdown on civil liberties, and criminal acts make Nixon appear as a debauched person, which he was. Despite his efforts to clear his name, his actions betrayed any form of innocence from the public (Wood 3). The Watergate affairs demonstrate the unlawful measures that powerful people take to cover up their actions and maintain power. Ni xon faced considerable opposition and he needed to silence his adversaries to promote his political agendas. Public confidence is lost through such underhand tactics that politicians perpetrate. The whole process was largely unnecessary, especially the burglary, since Nixon had won the previous elections squarely. Nixon was unable to make any legislative progress because of the Democratic majorities in both congressional houses (Wood 2). There was a need to establish Republican majorities in both houses of Congress, hence the approval of the Watergate affairs. The cover-up is what triggered the downfall, and not the actual involvement. The imprisonment of his accomplices is not justifiable; even Nixon was supposed to be imprisoned. Investigative justice is necessary to uncover such scandals and measures that are more punitive should discourage impunity. Work CitedWood, Mike. Nixon’s Inevitable Road to Watergate: A Psychoanalysis Using the Path Dependent Model. California Stat e University Fullerton. President Richard M. Nixon Conference, April 27, 2012. Question Of Congress At Work Example Question Of Congress At Work – Coursework Example Task Iran Contra Affairs The Iran Contra affair was described as scandal that involved American hostages which were being held in Lebanon by a group which was associated to Iranian revolution. The secret dealing which were occurring between the American government with the military group resulted in the Americans being held hostage by the group. The funds generated from the sale of weapons to the military group were aimed at ensuring that the government provided funding for the Nicaragua contras. The government of United States hoped that the agreement to sale weapons would secure the release of the American hostages. This scandal can be described as to have escalated following the breakdown of diplomatic negotiations which were being conducted secretly. Undertaking the secret dealings in supplying weapons was assumed to enable the release of American citizens who were being held hostage in Lebanon (Sharpe, p22). The diplomatic breakdown between the involved groups contributed to t he tension which occurred and resulted in the development of the issues to a scandal. Some American government official were involved in the secret negotiation between the government and group, which can be considered an element of unethical political conduct. The authorisation of the sales of the weapons which was conducted in secret could have had significant influence in the development of the scandal. The element of secrecy in conducting the negotiations were fundamental in the political disconnection between the involved parties. The prohibition of funding for the contras, by the congress significantly contributed to the government seeking alternate source of funding. With the government lacking sufficient funding it became essential to deliver the contras funding regardless of the source of funds. The entire scandal can be described as resulting from negligence by the government in delivering some of the promises made to the citizens.ReferenceSharpe, Kenneth E. â€Å"The Rea l Cause of Irangate.† Foreign Policy 68 (1987): 19–41. Print.

Truckers Can Your Resume Go the Distance

Truckers Can Your Resume Go the Distance Once you’ve finished your CDL schooling, it’s time to put that learning and license to good use, and a well-curated resume can get you there!  According to AllTruckJobs.com, â€Å"The major traits you want to capitalize on are which kind of certified license you have, your positive safety record, and your healthy physical exam results.† Don’t make the mistake of thinking a trucking resume needs less polished formatting or careful proofreading than a desk job application! Begin by putting your name and contact information front and center–if you don’t already have a professional email address (like Tom.Lennox@gmail.com, as opposed to HotRod9700@hotmail.com) make sure you open an account and check it regularly.Include a  Career Objective next, which is  a short statement introducing you and describing why you’re the best fit for the job, like this:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Dry Haul Driver with over 4 years experience with zero accidents. Possesse s a Class A License.†Then move on to a list of your Professional Experience–starting with the most recent and working backwards. With concise bullet points, emphasize the specific responsibilities you mastered with each position, particularly any unusual or high-skill aspects of the job. Employers like to see well-rounded applications who have experience in all aspects of the job. Make sure you use a consistent tense and format for each bullet, (i.e. â€Å"Drove mix truck†¦, Conducted inspections†¦, Operated levers†¦,† NOT â€Å"Load materials†¦, Trained employees†¦, Follow guidelines†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ).Next is the Additional Skills section, which you can alternatively call a Highlights section and put before your experience if you’d prefer to show off your skills (or if you’ve got less on-the-job experience to promote).   This section can be an even pithier list of your defining characteristics - Reliable; Safety-minded; De fensive Driver, Customer-Oriented, Experienced Navigator; Clean DMV Record; Efficient and Punctual, etc. If your resume is looking a little barren, consider spending some time bulking it up with vehicle repair classes or even a first aid certification–anything that will make it clear you’re an asset to have on the road.Lastly, the Education and License sections! Give the name of your school and the class of your license.Have a friend with excellent communication skills look over your resume for grammar and punctuation issues, then start sending it out to land the gigs that will take you across the country in style!The Road Ready Truck Driver ResumeRead More at www.alltruckjobs.com

Issues Intestacy Shares under Sharia Law and California Probate Code Thesis

Issues Intestacy Shares under Sharia Law and California Probate Code - Thesis Example In addition, a Sharia trust has the added advantage of setting aside surplus wealth to meet contingencies of the future. The law and practice of Sharia tend to be prescriptive, and heirs under this regime obtain rights to aliquot shares in the estate of the individual from whom they have descended.2 With regard to the Sharia law, it is obligatory for a Muslim to follow the strict formulation that it prescribes, in the context of dividing property among the heirs. Moreover, this obligation is religious; and individuals cannot inherit or disinherit the members of their family, in accordance with their whims and fancies. This latter requirement is aimed at averting potential conflict in a family unit. The objective of the Qur’an is to severely restrict any act that could jeopardize a family unit. 3 At several places, the Qur’an provides clear cut instructions regarding the disposal of property. Thus, verse seven of the fourth chapter declares that men and women have a share in the property left by parents and near relatives. Such share hold good, irrespective of the extent of the property. This has the effect of providing them with a determinate share. An elaborate account of the laws related to inheritance shares is to be found at verses 11 and 12 of chapter four.4 Despite these exhortations, the Qur’an does not provide a comprehensive scheme for dealing with the distribution of inherited property and wealth. Further instructions, have to be gleaned from the Hadith or recorded sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. This makes it abundantly clear that a will that complies with the Qur’an and Hadith should be in place. In addition, these sources of inheritance law permit scholars to divide a structured and rule based mechanism of inheritance.5 It is incumbent upon Muslims to possess a written will, as per the tenets of the Sharia law. In fact, the Prophet Muhammad had declared in the collection

Assessment 1 The Report supply chian magement (SM2038) Essay

Assessment 1 The Report supply chian magement (SM2038) - Essay Example Supply chain management is deeply involved in the successful achievement of desired levels of productivity and profitability by any company or organization. One of the key factors of supply chain management process is purchasing. Gadde and Hakansson (1993) found that purchasing is seen as one of the key strategic functions to be performed by the management of any organization in order to achieve market domination in a competitive market. In my view, selection of suitable suppliers for a company is critically importance because suppliers are directly involved in the manufacturing process of any product as they supply the raw material to the company which plays its part while setting up the price for a product. Suppliers often charge different prices to the parts of the products that they supply to a company. A company should always select a supplier who should deliver the raw material and required parts of a product at an economical price to the company because it is very important for a company to set a competitive price for any product. And competitive prices can only be set up if cost of manufacturing of a product is less than then actual price of that product in the market. Ford (2002) found that the objective of selecting a suitable supplier in order to cut down the manufacturing cost of a product can be achieved by analyzing previous performances of various suppliers. Ayers (2001) found that the analysis regard ing suppliers should be based on the suppliers’ credibility, quality of the raw material that the suppliers provide to the company, and the price at which they supply the raw material. After a complete analysis, the purchasing manager should select a trustworthy and most credible supplier. Price of a product is always set up by determining the actual manufacturing cost of the product. If a company wants to achieve

Watersheds from Anacostia River in Washington DC to Chesapeake Bay Essay Example for Free

Watersheds from Anacostia River in Washington DC to Chesapeake Bay Essay Among many watersheds in Maryland District, the following are the noted ones which flow from Anacostia river in Washington DC to the Chesapeake Bay: Anacostia River Watershed, Mattawoman Creek Watershed, Potomac River, Middle Lower Tide Watershed, Piscataway Creek Watershed, Nanjemay Creek Watershed, Gilbert Swamp Watershed, Port Tobaco River Watershed, Zekiah Swamp Watershed, Wicomico River Watershed, Breton Bay Watershed, St. Marys River Watershed Anacostia River Watershed The Anacostia River watershed comprises of the Northease Branch, the Northwest Branch, and the Tidal River and is 176 square miles in area. Also it has 13 sub-watersheds in southeast Washington DC, Montgomery and Prince Georges Counties. The tidal Anacostia River flows 8. 4 miles through Washington, DC to join the Potomac River at Hains Point. The Anacostia Watershed is home to over 800,000 residents of Maryland and Washington, DC. Anacostia River water suffers from Wetland loss, deforestation, and urbanization. About 23 percent of the watershed area is impervious. Urbanization is dense on the east and west banks of the tidal river in Washington, DC, where more than 70 percent of the land is covered by impervious surfaces. Anacostia Watershed Restoration Committee (AWRC) is responsible for the ecological and economic importance of the river. All water runs downhill. Charles County is located in eight different watersheds including Nanjemoy Creek, Gilbert Run Swamp, Mattawoman Creek, Patuxent River, Port Tobacco River, Potomac River, Wicomico River and Zekiah Swamp. Mattawoman Creek Watershed Mattawoman Creek Watershed is a shallow tributary of Lower Potomac located in Prince Georges and Charles Counties. The total non-water area of this watershed is 60,300 acres. The Mattawoman Creek watershed is protected by forested lands. It supports a world class fishing industry. Mattawoman watershed contributes to biodiversity. About 5,900 acres are protected land and park land. A portion of the watershed is listed as impaired for nutrients and sediments. Piscataway Creek Watershed Piscataway Creek is a tidal tributary of the Middle Potomac River. The total non-water area of this watershed is 43, 579 acres. The drainage area is 39. 5 acres. Piscataway creek enters the Potomac river at Fort Washington. Piscataway Creek originates in the west and east of Andrews Air Force Base (AFB) in the vicinity of Camp Springs, Clinton, and Woodyard. On the southwest side of Andrews AFB, two branches join to form Tinkers Creek, a major tributary to Piscataway Creek. Surface water flows into Tinkers Creek, to Piscataway Creek, and eventually to the Potomac River. The watershed can be characterized as residential and forested. The density of population is high in the northern region. The source of potential microbial loading is from failing septic systems. The southern region is much more forested and agricultural than the northern region, with encroachment of rural development. Nanjemay Creek Watershed The Nanjemay Creek Watershed is a Tributary of Lower Potomac River. The total non-water area of this watershed is 46, 603 acres. The Nanjemoy Creek watershed is mostly of forest with 90% forested area within 100 meters of streams. About 10% of land in Charles County is cropland with approximately 2% harvested for corn or sorghum. The extent of potential atrazine exposure to riparian areas of Nanjemoy Creek is minimal. The types of riparian areas in the Nanjemoy Creek watershed are not sensitive to atrazine exposure. Therefore, the potential effects to riparian areas and dwarf wedge mussels are insignificant. Gilbert Swamp Watershed The Gilbert Swamp Watershed is a tributary of Lower Potomac River. The total non-water area of this watershed is 27551 acres. Port Tobacco River Watershed Port Tobacco River is a tributary of Lower Potomac. The total non-water area of this watershed is 28076 acres. The Port Tobacco River is approximately eight and a half miles long, originating from St. Charles City and joins the Potomac River. The river has navigable waters rich in fish and wildlife, and safe to visitors who come for swimming, water sports, hunting and fishing. The river is of historic importance because it provided access and residence to the first Maryland settlers. Port Tobacco River Watershed is home to bald eagles, blue and gray herons, osprey, deer, etc and other wildlife. The Port Tobacco River has excessive nutrients and suspended sediments. The water is murky and sub aquatic vegetation is disappearing. Also the shellfish population is greatly reduced. The ecological problems are serious, however the biological condition of the River is considered much worse. Significant toxic algae blooms and fish kills were observed in 2002 and 2003. It was a potential public health hazard due to the water and sediments of the river and its watershed. Potomac River Middle Lower Tide Watershed The Potomac River estuary extends for 117 miles from its mouth. Lookout on the Maryland side and Smith Point on the Virginia side, to its head-of-tide located approximately 0. 4 miles upstream of Chain Bridge in the District of Columbia. The surface area of all tidal waters, including Potomac River and the tidal Anacostia River, is about 434 mi2. The Lower Tidal watershed is impaired by nutrients, sediments, toxics, bacteria, and it impacts the biological communities. The Potomac River Middle Tidal watershed is impaired by nutrients, sediments, toxics, metals, Copper, and Lead, and it impacts the biological communities. Zekiah Swamp Watershed The Zekiah Swamp watershed is located in the central Maryland region of the Potomac River tidal estuary. The total non-water area of this watershed is 69,770 acres. The watershed drains south from southern Prince George’s County in Zekiah Swamp Run until it discharges into the Wicomico River at Allens Fresh. The Zekiah Swamp is non-tidal except for the southern-most portion of the watershed near the discharge to the tidal Wicomico River. Zekiah Swamp is impaired by nutrients, suspended sediments, copper, lead, selenium, zinc, and it impacts the biological communities. However, the waters of the Zekiah Swamp watershed has no signs of toxic impairments due to the nutrients. Wicomico River Watershed Wicomico River Watershed is a tributary of Lower Potomac. The total non-water land covered within this watershed is 69,770 acres. The Wicomico River watershed in Charles and St. Marys counties drains into the Potomac River and on to the Chesapeake Bay. The Wicomico enjoys good water quality and provides healthy finfish and oyster, and fishery for the local economy. The challenge lies in accommodating growth and change while protecting the traditional lifestyles for the farmers and foresters dependent on the watersheds natural assets. The Wicomico watershed is also home to the Zekiah Swamp, 104 miles of hardwood wetland, viewed as one of the most important ecological areas on the East coast. Breton Bay Watershed Breton Bay watershed is located in Potomac River basin. It has a non-water total area of 34,933 acres. The Breton bay watershed has problems with fecal coliform bacteria, nutrients and sediment. So far no human health issues due to water quality have been reported. Breton Bay watershed is 60% forested, 25% agriculture and 14% developed land. Much of the Breton Bay watershed is covered with intact forest, providing habitat for many forest interior dwelling species. It has sub-watersheds: Dirict Drainage Breton Bay, Lower MeIntosh River, Glebe Run, Headwaters McIntosh Brooks Run and Brunt Mill Creek St. Marys River Watershed Wicomico River Watershed is a tributary of Lower Potomac. The total non-water land covered within this watershed is 45,198 acres. The river is an earth fill embankment 38 feet high and 1670 feet long. The flood discharge facilities for the dam consist of the principal spillway comprised of a drop inlet spillway and two manually operated sluice gates, and a 300-feet wide emergency spillway located adjacent to the right abutment of the dam. Conclusion Water from all the above watersheds like Zekiah Swamp, Mattawoman Creek, Port Tobacco River, Potomac River as well as many others eventually enters into Chesapeake Bay carrying with it whatever it picks up along the way. References Anacostia Watershed Society (1998).Watershed Info. Retrieved April 5, 2009, from http://www. anacostiaws. org/About/watershedinfo. html Maryland Department of Natural Resources (2009). Watershed Profiles. Retrived April 5, 2009 from http://mddnr. chesapeakebay. net/wsprofiles/surf/prof/prof. html United States Environmental Protection Agency (2007, September 20). Decision Rationale Total Maximum Daily Loads of Fecal Bacteria for the Non-Tidal Piscataway Creek Basin in Prince George’s County, Maryland. Retrieved April 5, 2009, from http://www. google. com/search? hl=enq=UNITED+STATES+ENVIRONMENTAL+PROTECTION+AGENCYbtnG=Search

The Tiger and The Lamb Essay -- William Blake Poems Poetry Writers Ess

The Tiger and The Lamb The Tiger and The Lamb were both poems by William Blake. In this essay I am going to compare the two poems. Blake, as a child, was an outcast and didnt have many friends. He was educated at home by his parents and found sociability difficult. His family believed very strongly in God but did not agree with the teachings of the church. During his lonely hours, Blake often read the Bible. He had a lot of free time to think about ideas, reflect on life and to strengthen his imagination. You could find a lot of biblical discourse in his poems. By the time he was an adult his imagination allowed him to create vivid poetry and paintings; finally sending him mad. Blake published two very famous books of poems called Songs of Experience and Songs of Innocence. Poems from the Songs of Experience are about God, who brought evil and suffering into the world. The poems from the Songs of Innocence are about the redemptive God of the New Testament, namely Jesus. The Lamb is from the Songs of Innocence and The Tiger from the Songs of Innocence. The Lamb is the contrasting poem to The Tiger. The main question that I feel Blake is asking in the two poems is, how can the same God make such a vicious creature but also make such an innocent animal? In The Tiger, God is strong, dark and sinister. He is described as a dark blacksmith, as the following quotation indicates, What hammer? What chaindare its deadly terrors clasp? This quote comes from the end of verse four. The mention of tools and the dark description at the end gives the reader an image of God working in a hot and fiery hell. This image would have reminded readers of the factories associated with the Industrial Revolution. Blake, in verse four uses question... ... Blake describes, Burnt the fire in thine eyes. The word fire, like hell, suggests hot and sweaty. India, the origin of the tiger, is hot and sweaty. The lamb brings a mood of calm, reassuring and happiness as Blake shows By the stream and over the mead. Sheep filled fields and streams appear dreamlike and convey a sign of hope. A sign of hope because while the Industrial Revolution was taking place, open fields were disappearing, smoggy factories multiplied. This particular imagery by Blake, I find to be very effective. Many People believe that The Tiger is mysterious and feel that too much analysis of will spoil the impact of the message. I personally feel that it was asking one question; Did he who made the Lamb make Thee? The Lamb, I feel can be a simple childrens poem or an English professors work. Either way, I still enjoyed reading and analyzing these poems.

Rabindranadha Tagor, Gitanjali Essay

(Gitanjoli) is a collection of 103 English poems, largely translations, by the Bengali poet Rabindranadha Tagore This volume became very famous in the West, and was widely translated. Gitanjali (Gitanjoli) is also the title of an earlier Bengali volume (1910) of mostly devotional songs. The word gitanjoli is a composed from â€Å"git†, song, and â€Å"anjoli†, offering, and thus means – â€Å"An offering of songs†; but the word for offering, anjoli, has a strong devotional connotation, so the title may also be interpreted as â€Å"prayer offering of song†. The English collection is not a translation of poems from the Bengali volume of the same name. While half the poems (52 out of 103) in the English text were selected from the Bengali volume, others were taken from these works (given with year and number of songs selected for the English text): Gitimallo (1914,17), Noibeddo (1901,15), Khea (1906,11) and a handful from other works. The translations were often radical, leaving out or altering large chunks of the poem and in one instance even fusing two separate poems (song 95, which unifies songs 89,90 of naivedya). The translations were undertaken prior to a visit to England in 1912, where the poems were extremely well received. A slender volume was published in 1913 with an exhilarating preface by W B Yeats and in the same year, based on a corpus of three thin translations, Rabindranath became the first non-European to win the Nobel price for Literature. Where the mind is without fear and the head is held high; Where knowledge is free; Where the world has not been broken up into fragments by narrow domestic walls; Where words come out from the depth of truth; Where tireless striving stretches its arms towards perfection; Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit†¦ Into that heaven of freedom, my Father, let my country awake. This is the vision that the poet had for the India of his dreams†¦ Gitanjali is a song of offering to the motherland (India), and to the deity that reigns upon the land. At times, it seems the poet has personalized the divinity in the form of a person; at other times he refers to the divinity in the abstract. Though the poetry is beautiful and evocative of nature, it is at times disjointed. The common thread that binds the poem is the relationship between the singer and the object of his adoration. Like most poetry, this song too is introspective as the poet seeks to come to terms with his dreams. This song is more akin to a mosaic than a painting – the key to understanding this song is that the poet has interwoven number of (un) related themes together. Rabindranath Tagore – India’s first Nobel laureate – was a poet, playwright, artist and composer. In fact, he translated many of his works from the original Bengali. Besides ‘Gitanjali’, he is also best known for two songs: ‘Amar Shonar Bangla’ and ‘Jana Mana Gana’, which are the national anthems of Bangladesh and India respectively. But Tagore is loved as much for his music (Rabindra Sangeet) as for his poetry. In fact, the two are inseparable and deeply intertwined in popular Bengali consciousness. He was also a leading light in India’s freedom movement, though his leadership was more of a moral (rather than political) nature. Last – but not least – Rabindranath Tagore was also an educationist, and founded the famous school at Shantiniketan (or abode of peace). The school was later expanded into a University. Rabindranath Tagore believed that learning should best be imparted in a natural environment. Some of the leading laureates of the school include Indira Gandhi, Satyajit Ray and Amartya Sen. â€Å"Gitanjali† is a collection of prose poems by Indian author Rabindranath Tagore. The Dover Thrift Edition contains an introductory note on the life of Tagore, who lived from 1861 to 1941. According to this note, Tagore, who wrote poetry in Bengali, translated â€Å"Gitanjali† himself into English. The Dover edition also contains a 1912 introduction by William Butler Yeats. This English version of â€Å"Gitanjali† is a series of prose poems that reflect on the interrelationships among the poet/speaker, the deity, and the world. Although Tagore had a Hindu background, the spirituality of this book is generally expressed in universal terms; I could imagine a Christian, a Buddhist, a Muslim, or an adherent of another tradition finding much in this book that would resonate with him or her. The language in this book is often very beautiful. The imagery includes flowers, bird songs, clouds, the sun, etc. ; one line about â€Å"the riotous excess of the grass† reminded me of Walt Whitman. Tagore’s language is sensuous and sometimes embraces paradox. Like Whitman and Emily Dickinson, he sometimes seems to be resisting traditional religion and prophetically looking towards a new spirituality. A sample of Tagore’s style: â€Å"I surely know the hundred petals of a lotus will not remain closed for ever and the secret recess of its honey will be bared† (from section #98). As companion texts for this mystical volume I would recommend Jack Kerouac’s â€Å"The Scripture of the Golden Eternity† and Juan Mascaro’s translation of the Dhammapada.

Psychoanalysis History Essay

The theory of psychoanalysis has developed for over a generation since its inception during the 20th century. The theory is accredited to Sigmund Freud who is regarded as the father of psychoanalysis. He laid a strong base on which psychoanalysts of the future would lay foundation and expound on the field as suggested by Sigmund. Donald Winnicott was a British pediatrician who studied babies and provided analytical theories describing the results of appropriate and inappropriate care giving. Edith Jacobson had a traumatizing experience when she was placed in the Nazi concentration camp at the height of Second World War. Her experiences and that of her patients led her into modifying the instinctual drive theory that had been developed by Freud. Harry Stack Sullivan made comprehensive studies of the schizophrenics in the 1920s and concluded that psychopathology could be traced back to an individual’s interpersonal field of experiences. On another front, a contemporary psychoanalyst by the name Robert Stolorow holds the belief that both the experiences of the patient and the analyst should form the point of focus in the analysis. This paper shall look at how the field of psychoanalysis has been shaping over the years ever since it was introduced as a branch of psychology by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis: Psychoanalysis as a psychological discipline has undergone numerous changes ever since Sigmund Freud made the classical explanation to the branch of psychology. Psychoanalysis has been able to develop from what was considered as a personal psychology to incorporate two people and then developed into the new multi-person experiential psychology. In the first instance, Freud ascribed psychological development to internal forces and drives within the body. Winnicott, Jacobson, and Sullivan laid emphasis on the dual-person relations between individuals as important aspects in their analysis of patients. Stolorow has made major contributions in the development of modern day psychoanalysis through his focus on the analytical inquiry on experimental dynamics of the patient while adopting a multi-personal approach. What is of importance in all these approaches is that the analytical innovators have always referred to the theoretical framework developed by Sigmund Freud (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Sigmund Freud was born in the year 1856 and is regarded as the father of psychoanalysis. He developed his theoretical framework on personality based on his clinical observations which enabled him to formulate three personality theories. He developed the topographic model; the genetic model; and the structural model with each of the models aspiring to explain the complications found in explaining human personality and the causes of usual and unusual psychosomatic functioning. The topographical model generally provided the map of the human mind. According to Freud, the mind was composed of three spheres including the unconscious, preconscious, and the conscious. The unconscious part was described as that part of the brain which was composed of the feelings and ideas inaccessible to the experiential awareness. Only those ideas and feelings that were accessible to experiential awareness formed the preconscious realm of the mind. The conscious was described as the part of the mind in which immediate experiential awareness of the mind would be stored. According to Mitchell and Black, (1995) â€Å"As his clinical experience grew, Freud realized that what was most crucial to a permanent removal of symptoms was for the objectionable, unconscious material to become generally accessible to normal consciousness† (p. 5). It must be noted that Sigmund Freud noted in his clinical observations that patients would exhibit what he called as defense which was responsible for keeping the unconscious feelings and ideas out of awareness (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). The genetic model referred to developmental stage theory which categorized the human instincts. According to Freud, the biological instincts were vital in the psychological functioning of his patients. Sexual instincts in particular often referred to as drives were regarded as internal instincts demanding an external discharge. Such drives were found to concentrate in particular areas of the body as they waited to be discharged. The particular areas of the body better known as the erogenous zones were pre-eminent in accordance with the development stage of the child. The activity that involved the respective erogenous zone became the primary focus of an individual’s emotional life (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). In the structural model of personality, Sigmund Freud gave a detailed psychic map of the human mind. Freud believed that the mind was divided into three distinct parts known as the id, the ego, and the super-ego. The id is the source of all human instincts and comprises of primeval desires and spontaneous energies that seek instant gratification. The ego regulates and controls the id desires whereas the super-ego is composed of the moral values and self critical attitudes imparted by the society through socialization. Freud was of the view that humans were constantly struggling to strike a balance between the primitive impulses and the societal values (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Sigmund Freud held the belief that a patient needed to be taken for an analysis so as to unlock unconscious dynamics that were responsible for the psychopathological incidences in the patients. Freud gave a classical approach to psychoanalysis. The fundamental method in classical psychoanalysis is to be found in the conveyance and conflict analysis of free association. The patient is to be composed before being told to speak whatever that comes to his/her mind. Imaginations, hopes, desires, and fantasies are regarded as reflecting on earlier family life of the patient. The analyst has to simply listen to the patient only to make comments to give insight to the patient when need arises. While listening, the analyst is able to develop some empathic neutrality with the patient which is critical in the creation of a safe environment. According to Freud, the free association technique was responsible for bringing out vital information in the past life of the patient. The analyst was regarded as an important figure in the previous life of the patient and during the interaction between the analyst and the patient; transference neurosis developed which referred to the patient’s attitudes and fantasies in regard to the analyst which are pivotal to the expression of critical themes and conflicts in the patient’s past. Sigmund was of the view that resolving these conflicts was crucial to the alleviation of the psychopathic symptoms (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Object Relations by Winnicott: The development of objection relations by Donald Woods Winnicott led to a unique two-person psychology as an independent school of psychoanalysis. Winnicott sought to challenge the Freudian concept which emphasized on the psychology of an individual. Winnicott laid emphasis on the relational dynamics of children and their respective mothers as major contribution to the development of the self. According to Winnicott, the level of emotional support the child got from the mother was influential in the child’s development of the self. Children went through crucial stages of experience that was to be determined by expressive sensitivity of their mothers. During early stages in life, the child usually experience subjective omnipotence in which case the child gets whatever he/she wants. The child is then made to experience some moment of illusion that any of his/her wishes are accomplished by the mother. With time however, the mother withdraws from responsiveness to the child but in the context of the holding environment. The environment allows for space where the child’s needs are met from the environment without the child having to realize. The mother at this time becomes less involved in the meeting of the child’s needs. The child discovers that his desires are not responsible for the creation of satisfaction but rather the mother’s response to his/her needs was the aspect that brought about the satisfaction. Over time, the child realizes about his/her illusions and he is able to leave them and realizes that he/she was only dependant on the mother (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). The child acknowledges that the desires are usually met by various individuals and that these individuals have their own private desires. The child developed an objective reality together with the subjective omnipotence. Winnicott described the objective reality as the awareness that the child was separate from the desired objects. Between the subjective omnipotence and objective reality lies the transitional object which according to Winnicott resembles neither of the two scenarios. The child looks for an object to get comfort when the responsiveness of the mother to the child’s needs diminishes. Winnicott used the concept of object usage to elaborate on the experiences that the child goes through in which case aggressive tendencies become prominent during the transitional object phase. The mother’s response during the stage of object usage plays an instrumental role in the emotional development of the child. In case the child would get negative response from the mother in regard to usage of objects, then the child would be afraid of making maximum use of the objects and would develop neurotic inhibitions in adult life (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Winnicott identified the responsiveness of the mother as crucial in the development of the self. He was of the view that the focus of psychoanalysis should be on the development of the self. The analyst in this case resembles the mother and the patient is the individual who missed on the responsiveness of ‘a good-enough’ mother. The analyst in this case assumes the roles of the responsive mother who the patient missed during early life development. The analyst therefore seeks to identify the particular desires of the patient. The relational understanding of the patient’s self was the most important aspect during the therapeutic treatment (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Ego Psychology by Edith Jacobson: Edith Jacobson (1897-1978) was an American psychoanalyst who was dedicated to revising the Sigmund Freud’s structural model of personality through the development of her own theoretical framework. She developed the instinctual drive theory to incorporate an interaction between the actual experiences and the drive development. According to Jacobson, biological drives were influenced by the previous experiences of caregivers. She speculated that when the child’s early experiences were satisfying and healthy, then libidinal drives would be cultivated. On the contrary, when the child was frustrated during his/her earlier experiences, then the child would develop an aggressive drive which destroys the developmental process in the normal way. The childhood experiences were found to impact on the development of the self. It was established that normal self development occurred when the child is brought up by a mother who addressed the emotional needs of the child whereas a frustrated self develops when the mother was perceived as frustrating by the child. Jacobson reinvented the Freud concept regarding the super-ego which according to Freud developed due to the castration anxiety that in the oedipal stage of development. Jacobson was of the view that the super-ego developed in the child as a result of experience with other individuals. Earlier childhood experiences with the mother affected the child’s socialization to refrain from certain behaviors leading to the development of the super-ego. Jacobson’s clinical approach required the patient to reconstruct the developmental history of the patient. The inquiry of the patient’s past is considered in a conveyance manner between the patient and the analyst to establish a therapeutic correlation. It was believed that when patients unlocked their past developmental record through the conveyance was vital in the therapeutic process (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Interpersonal Psychoanalysis by Harry Stack Sullivan: Harry Sack Sullivan (1892-1949) has been credited for advancing the interpersonal psychoanalysis. He believed that psychoanalysis was to focus on the previous interactions of the patient in an effort to unravel the psychopathological conditions that were manifested in patients. He held that an individual’s personality was influenced by the lifelong interactions which commenced with the caregivers at infancy. Sullivan got interested specifically in the experiences of anxiety earlier on in life and he observed that in early life experiences, the child’s needs are met through integration tendencies which encompasses the need for satisfaction offered on a mutual basis. Sullivan believed that anxiety feeling was external and that some aspects of the anxiety in caregivers and key figures in the child’s earlier life were able to be transmitted to the child. Thus the child would easily be affected by the anxiety in those individuals who are important in his/her early life (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). The child at this stage would perceive the primary caregivers as anxious or non anxious whereby the child generalized them as either good or bad mother. The child soon realizes that he/she can predict whether a good or bad mother was approaching based on the facial expressions, postural tensions, and vocal intonation. As time goes by, the child then realizes that his/her own behavior was the one determining the ‘goodness’ or ‘badness’ of the mother and therefore starts to form the sense of self. According to Sullivan, the anxious state in the caregivers that was caused by the behavior of the child makes the child believe that he/she is the bad one. On the other hand, those behaviors and actions from the child which produced admiration and appreciation from the caregiver made the child develop a sense of ‘good me’ (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Sullivan’s clinical approach emphasized on the individual’s sense of the self based on the interaction they had with the others. Thus his techniques involved seeking to increase awareness of how the self operated through probing questions and encouragement of the self-reflection. This was to enable observation, understanding and alteration of important and rapid sequences. It must be noted that Sullivan’s approach emphasized on the insight ad understanding as important aspects for change in the interpersonal psychoanalysis (Mitchell, & Black, 1995). Inter-subjectivity-Modern Psychoanalysis: This is the most recent theoretical framework in the field of psychoanalysis. This model is better described as; The notion that the analyst and [the patient] can mutually shape the conscious and unconscious experience of the other. According to this view, the analyst can never be detached and purely objective observer; instead, he or she is constantly involved in a conscious and unconscious interplay of ideas as well as affective and symbolic communications† (Diamond & Marrone, 2003, p. 14). Dr. Robert Stolorow has been identified as the leading proponent of this approach and he integrates various concepts of object relations theoretical framework, ego psychology and interpersonal psychoanalysis. Stolorow however advances from the theoretical framework developed by others and argues that the whole experiential world of the patient should be analyzed in perspective as opposed to mere relations between the patient and another significant individual in the patient’s life (Stolorow, Atwood, and Orange, 2002). He developed a clinical approach in which he identified three areas of focus in an inquiry which include emotional convictions, self reflexivity and reality. The analyst examines the embodiment of emotional convictions emanating from the patient’s historical experiences in the world. Stolorow considered these convictions to be unconscious and thus they were to be made conscious for an informed reflection and explanation. Through reflection and interpretation, the patient would be able to realize their sense of self as time goes by. The analyst was required to be capable of indulging in self-reflexivity meaning that he was required to be aware of his perspective and prejudices in the clinical environment. Lastly, the inter-subjective inquiry required an aspect of reality whereby it is important for the analyst to consider the reality of the patient and to guard against overshadowing the patient’s reality with theirs. When the reality of the patient was considered, then the analyst was in a position to get the comprehensive picture of inter-subjectivity from the patient’s point of views thus facilitating a healthy diagnostic dialogue (Stolorow, Atwood, and Orange, 2002). Conclusion: It is evident that there have been tremendous innovations in the psychoanalytic theoretical framework during the past century. Sigmund Freud is regarded as the father of psychoanalysis and he is credited for providing the theoretical and clinical base for the other psychoanalytic scholars who were to further the psychoanalysis branch of psychology. Each of the psychoanalytic scholars that were interested in Freud’s thinking and aspired to advance it in their own way has founded their clinical approaches on their experiences. These scholars have included Winnicott, Jacobson, Sullivan and Stolorow. Psychoanalysis has gone through an evolution process starting as a one-person psychology, to a two-individual psychology and now is considered as a multi-people psychology. The future of psychoanalysis is set to broaden even further to incorporate the psychological, social and cultural dynamics of the individual during analysis. This is because lately, there has been an emphasis on evidence-based therapy thus enhancing the significance of considering varied sources of investigated evidence. Reference: Diamond, N. & Marrone, M. (2003). Attachment and inter-subjectivity. London, GB: Whurr Publishers. McWilliams, N. (2004). Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press Mitchell, S. A. & Black, M. J. (1995). Freud and beyond: A history of modern psychoanalytic thought. New York, NY: Basic Books. Stolorow, R. D. , Atwood G. E. , & Orange, D. M. (2002). Worlds of experience: Interweaving philosophical and clinical dimensions in psychoanalysis. New York, NY: Basic Books

Reasons for Humanity to Go Back to the Moon

Reasons for Humanity to Go Back to the Moon It has been  decades since the first astronauts walked on the lunar surface. Since then, nobody has set foot on our nearest neighbor in space. Sure, a fleet of probes have headed to the Moon, and they have supplied a lot of information about conditions there.   Is it time to send people to the Moon? The answer coming from the space community is a qualified yes. What that means is, there are missions on the planning boards, but also many questions about what people will do to get there and what theyll do once they set foot on the dusty surface. What Are the Obstacles? The last time people landed on the Moon was in 1972. Since then, a variety of political and economic reasons have kept space agencies from continuing those bold steps. However, the big issues are money, safety, and justifications. The most obvious reason that lunar missions arent happening as quickly as people would like is their cost. NASA spent billions of dollars during the 1960s and early 70s developing the Apollo missions. These happened at the height of the Cold War when the U.S. and the former Soviet Union were at odds politically but were not actively fighting each other in land wars. The expenses of trips to the Moon were tolerated by American people and Soviet citizens for the sake of patriotism and staying ahead of each other. Although there are many good reasons to go back to the Moon, its tough to get a political consensus on spending taxpayer money to do it. Safety Is Important The second reason hampering lunar exploration is the sheer danger of such an enterprise. Faced with the immense challenges that plagued NASA during the 1950s and 60s, it is no small wonder that anyone ever made it to the Moon. Several astronauts lost their lives during the Apollo program, and many technological setbacks took place along the way. However, long-term missions aboard the International Space Station show that humans can  live and work in space, and new developments in space launch and transport capabilities are promising safer ways to get to the Moon. Why Go? The third reason for a lack of lunar missions is that there needs to be a clear mission and goals.  While interesting and scientifically important experiments can always be done, people are also interested in return on investment. Thats particularly true for companies and institutions interested in making money from lunar mining, science research, and tourism. Its easier to send robot probes to do science, although its better to send people. With human missions come higher expenses in terms of life support and safety. With the advances of robotic space probes, a great amount of data can be gathered at a much lower cost and without endangering human life. The big-picture questions, like how did the solar system form, require much longer and more extensive trips than just a couple days on the Moon. Things Are Changing The good news is that attitudes toward lunar trips can and do change, and its likely that a human mission to the Moon will happen within a decade or less. Current NASA mission scenarios include trips to the lunar surface and also to an asteroid, although the asteroid trip may be of more interest to mining companies.   Traveling to the Moon will still be expensive. However, NASA mission planners feel that the benefits outweigh the cost. Even more important, the government foresees a good return on investment. Thats actually a very good argument. The Apollo missions required a significant initial investment. However, technology- weather satellite systems, global positioning systems (GPS), and advanced communication devices, among other advancements- created to support the lunar missions and subsequent planetary science missions are now in everyday use on Earth. New technologies aimed specifically at future lunar missions would also find their way into the worlds economies, spurring a good return on investment Expanding Lunar Interest Other countries are looking quite seriously at sending lunar missions, most specifically China and Japan.  The Chinese have been very clear about their intentions, and have good capability to carry out a long-term lunar mission. Their activities may well spur American and European agencies into a mini race to also build lunar bases. Lunar orbiting laboratories may make an excellent next step, no matter who builds and sends them.   The technology available now, and that to be developed during any concentrated missions to the Moon, would allow scientists to do much more detailed (and longer) studies of the Moons surface and sub-surface systems. Scientists would get the opportunity to answer some of the big questions about how our solar system was formed, or the details about how Moon was created and its geology. Lunar exploration would stimulate new avenues of study. People also expect that lunar tourism would be another way to maximize exploration.   Missions to Mars are also  hot news these days. Some scenarios see humans heading to the Red Planet within a few years, while others foresee Mars missions by the 2030s. Returning to the Moon is an important step in Mars mission planning. The hope is that people could spend time on the Moon to learn how to live in a forbidding environment. If something went wrong, rescue would be only a few days away, rather than months.   Finally, there are valuable resources on the Moon that can be used for other space missions. Liquid oxygen is a major component of the propellant needed for current space travel. NASA believes that this resource can be easily extracted from the Moon and stored at deposit sites for use by other missions - particularly by sending astronauts to Mars. Many other minerals exist, and even some water stores,  that can be mined as well. The Verdict Humans have always made an effort to understand the universe, and going to the Moon does seem to be the next logical step for many reasons. It will be interesting to see who starts up the next race to the Moon. Edited and revised by Carolyn Collins Petersen

Performance Based Pay for Teachers

Performance Based Pay for Teachers Performance-based pay for teachers, or merit pay, is a trending educational topic. Teachers pay, in general, is often highly debated. Performance-based pay ties teaching components such as standardized test scores and teacher evaluations to a salary schedule. Performance-based pay originated from a corporate model that bases a teachers salary on job performance. Higher performing teachers receive more compensation, while lower performing teachers receive less. The Denver, Colorado school district may have the most successful performance-based pay program in the nation. The program, called ProComp, is seen as a national model for performance-based pay. ProComp was designed to impact critical issues such as student achievement, teacher retention, and teacher recruitment positively. The program has been credited with boosting those areas, but it does have its critics. Performance-based pay will likely continue to increase in popularity over the next decade. Like any educational reform issue, there are two sides to the argument. Here, we examine the pros and cons of performance-based pay for teachers. Pros Motivates Teachers to Make Improvements in the Classroom Performance-based pay systems offer teachers a reward based on meeting set performance measures typically tied to student performance. These measures are based on educational research and are a set of best practices intended to boost overall student outcomes. Many of the best teachers are already doing a lot of these things in their classrooms. With performance-based pay, they may be asked to take it a little above what they normally do, or it may motivate low performing teachers to get their acts together to receive their bonus. Provides Teachers With the Opportunity to Receive a Higher Salary People typically do not become teachers because of the salary. But, it doesnt mean that they do not want or need more money. Sadly, a relatively large number of teachers across the country are picking up a second job to keep their family afloat financially. Performance-based pay not only provides teachers with an option to make more money but also motivates them to meet targeted objectives while doing so. It is a win, win situation both for the teacher and their students. The teacher makes more money, and in turn, their students get a better education. Invites Competition Thus Raising Student Performance Performance-based pay creates competition among teachers. The better their students perform, the more money theyll receive. Higher outcomes translate to higher pay. Teachers are often competitive by nature. They want their fellow teachers to be successful. But, they also want to be more successful then them. Healthy competition pushes teachers to become better, which in turn boost student learning. Everyone wins when the best teachers work hard to stay at the top, and mediocre teachers work hard to improve enough to be considered one the best. Allows Bad Teachers to Be Removed Easier Many performance-based pay systems include components which enable principals to terminate teachers who continuously fail to meet goals and objectives. Most teacher unions adamantly opposed performance-based pay because of this element. Standard teacher contracts make it difficult to terminate employment, but a performance-based pay contract makes it easier to remove a bad teacher. Teachers who are unable to get the job done are replaced by another teacher who may be able to get things on track. Aids in Teacher Recruitment and Retention Performance-based pay can be an attractive incentive especially for young teachers who have a lot to offer. The opportunity for higher pay is often too compelling to pass up. To passionate teachers, the extra work is worth the higher salary. Also, schools offering performance-based compensation typically have no problems attracting top teaching talent. The pool is usually bottomless, so they can get quality teachers from the beginning. They also keep their good teachers. The best teachers are easy to retain because they are well respected and likely will not receive a higher salary elsewhere. Cons Encourages Teachers to Teach to Standardized Tests A large part of the performance-based pay objectives rests in standardized test scores. Teachers across the nation are already feeling the pressure to abandon creativity and originality and instead to teach to the tests. Attaching an increase in pay only amplifies that situation. Standardized testing is all the rage in public education, and performance-based pay just adds fuel to the fire. Teachers skip once celebrated teachable moments. They neglect valuable life lessons and have essentially become robots all in the name of passing a single test on a single day during the school year. Can Potentially Be Costly to the District School districts across the United States are already strapped for cash. Teachers on a performance-based contract receive a base salary. They receive a â€Å"bonus† for meeting specific objectives and goals. This â€Å"bonus† money can add up quickly. The Denver Public School District in Colorado was able to start ProComp thanks to voters who approved a tax increase that allowed them to fund the incentive program. It would have been impossible to fund the program without the revenue generated from the tax increase. School districts would find it exceedingly difficult to maintain the funds necessary to run a performance-based pay program without additional funding. Dilutes a Teacher’s Overall Value Most teachers offer much more than just the ability to meet learning objectives or goals. Teaching should be about more than just a test score. Ideally, teachers should be rewarded for the size of the impact they make and for making a difference in the lives of their students. Sometimes those qualities go unrecognized and unrewarded. Teachers have a powerful influence on their students, yet theyre relegated to ensuring that their students are going to pass a test. It skews the real value of a teacher when you only base the job they are doing on meeting student performance objectives.   Fails to Consider Factors Beyond a Teacher’s Control There are many factors beyond a teacher’s control that influence student performance just as much or more than any teacher will. Factors such as lack of parental involvement, poverty, and learning disabilities offer real hindrances to learning. They are nearly impossible to overcome. The reality is that teachers who sacrifice to pour into the lives of these students are often seen as bad teachers because their students do not meet the level of proficiency that their peers do. The truth is that many of these teachers are doing a far superior job than their peers who teach at an affluent school. Sometimes they fail to receive the same rewards for their hard work. Can Potentially Harm High-Risk Areas Every school is not the same. Every student is not the same. Why would a teacher want to teach in a school surrounded by poverty and have the cards stacked against them, when they can teach in an affluent school and have immediate success? A performance-based pay system would keep many of the best teachers from pursuing jobs in those high-risk areas because of nearly impossible odds to meet the performance measures needed to make it worth the while.

Strategic management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategic management - Assignment Example This is due to the reason that making effectual strategic decisions require reforms and modifications concerning the senior leader decision-making ways and organizational structure1. It is worth mentioning that every decision is associated with delivering certain results that reduces the current issues and challenges faced by an organization. Furtheromre, effective decision requires considerable understanding about the realities and the various environmental factors2. To be precise, in the simplest way, strategic decision-making is affiliated to decision-making process based on the strategic issues. In this regard, strategic issues generally encompass growth, events and trends that have potential impacts on organization’s strategies3. Correspondingly, there are various factors posing significant impacts on the strategic decision making process practiced within an organization. Among these, the four major influential factors include management teams characteristics, external environmental characteristics, internal organizational characteristics and decision-specific characteristics4. Strategic decisions can also be regarded as infrequent decisions taken by the senior leaders of an organization that tends to influence the performance and survival of any organization5. In other words, the inability of the senior leaders of the organization to make effective strategic decisions is also often associated with the demise of the business entity at certain instances. Correspondingly, this study intends to develop a case study of Nokia Corporation by applying and evaluating three analytical tools including the VRIN framework, the Porter’s 5 Forces model and Porter’s Generic Strategies in order to understand their contribution that can be critical to enable success of any enterprise. Nokia is a Multinational Corporation engaged in designing, developing and manufacturing a wide range

Reading response papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Reading response papers - Essay Example While Marinetti’s manifesto is obviously motivated by the desire for change, it has the tone of a call-to-arms! It overflows with revolutionary enthusiasm and is written in a highly exaggerated, theatrical style. Marinetti urges men  to embrace speed, war, machinery and danger.  He rejects the past and disregards the future, living only in a hedonistic present. Throughout the manifesto, Marinetti’s love for automobiles, and speed, is evident. â€Å"The hungry automobiles roared beneath our windows (209),† he says. Marinetti gives the car life as a powerful, dangerous animal – it is a snorting beast, and â€Å"a vast shark† (211). He lavishes caresses on it. To him, a racing automobile embodies the very peak of beauty. He celebrates the man at the wheel of a car. The automobile finds mention in points three and four of his manifesto. In this context, it seems somehow appropriate that Marinetti meets with an accident when speeding on his automobil e and lands in a ditch. â€Å"The mad intoxication† of his speed, a Dionysian frenzy, is present in every line of his manifesto. His complete abandonment of reason, and his adamant resolve to â€Å"leave good sense behind† (2010), can but lead to catastrophe, here embodied by the accident. The two cyclists can be perceived to represent reason. The â€Å"love of danger, the habit of energy and rashness† (2011) is sure to lead to mishaps. However, for all its impractical, radical language, Manetti’s manifesto remains a lyrical testament to the Futurist