Ib Economics Commentary 1 - Microeconomics Essay Example for Free

Ib Economics Commentary 1 Microeconomics Essay Rebecca Bundhun, (October 19, 2012) Cost of summer getaways hit as air ticket prices rise, The National, http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/industry-insights/tourism/cost-of-summer-getaways-hit-as-air-ticket-prices-rise The cost of an airline ticket can fluctuate tremendously based on a number of factors. The goal of airlines is to maximize their capacity by having the greatest number of passengers on all trips. This may however be difficult, as airlines pricing is not only dictated by their own operating costs and profit margins required but they have to consider complementary items that could have an effect on supply and demand for their product. By definition, demand theory explains the inverse relationship between quantity and price. This law explains that if the quantity available of a product or service wanted by the public is low, the price for that product or service will be high. As demand for a product or service increases, the price will increase. This law is critical as we are able to predict prices based on the demand of a product. In the case of airlines, they are able to predict that prices for their services will go up during the high travel months. People are willing to pay more for travel during the summer months, as they know that supply is limited and their available time is defined by their vacation schedules. If we were to graph this scenario, we would find that price and quantity relationship creates a maximum efficiency point called equilibrium point. The equilibrium point tells us the best combination of price and quantity. With the graph below, we can illustrate that some travelers will be forced to cancel their travel plans due to high ticket costs, just as we can identify travelers that will have to fly no matter what the cost of the fare is. However what economists tend to focus on is trying to find an equilibrium point between price and quantity. As we know, airlines provide a service to clients by connecting passengers to desired destinations worldwide. Although prices tend to be set by supply and demand, they are also exposed to externalities. An externality occurs when the actions of consumers or producers give rise to positive or negative side effects on other people, who are not part of these actions and whose interests are not taken into consideration. A perfect example of a negative externality is the rise of jet fuel. As a barrel of oil rises, the price of jet fuel also rises and consequently the price of an airline ticket also rises. Externalities can create a positive or negative demand or effect on a product or service. Price elasticity of demand is a term that helps us understand the measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded to changes in price. In general, if there is a large responsiveness of the quantity demanded, the demand is referred to as being elastic, if there is a small responsiveness, demand is inelastic. Airlines take advantage of the existence of inelasticity. Mr. D’Souza states in the article, â€Å"People are still flying. People traditionally plan these breaks, and regardless of the price, they fly. The demand is very, very high.† On the contrary, airlines understand price elasticity and use this well. They know that fare prices can be considered both elastic and inelastic based on the circumstance the traveler finds themselves in. Airlines study their client base, their competitors, and use patterns to predict the behavior of clients based on the condition. They know the probabilities of travelers changing to an alternative airline if their price rises, if they modify their routes, but most of all, they use price elasticity to predict the success of promotions offered by themselves or any other competitor. Airlines want to lure business by creating special values and convince unplanned tourists to take the trip. Say an average ticket price from Dallas to Las Vegas is $550.00; airlines will create a promotional price and may offer the same route for $199.00. Since the price is so low, people will often forget that they are taking an unplanned trip and will justify the trip by thinking about the cost savings realized and not of the unplanned expense. The demand curve below shows how changes in price lead to changes in the quantity demanded. Although airline tickets are considered elastic and inelastic, most economists consider it elastic unless travel is done for business use. Domestic airline travel can be substituted by bus transportation, automobile, train etc. Airline travel is elastic especially as the person’s income increases so their opportunity for travel increases and they will be more likely to afford the variation in cost.

Globalization: The Homogenization Of Cultures

Globalization: The Homogenization Of Cultures The increased integration of humanity beyond the national borders is compressing the world into an interdependent global village. Today, many equate the process of globalization with the promotion of interests of the West, whose hegemony is propagated through the idea of liberalism. As a result of the Western superior power and cultural imperialism, the so-called Third World countries feel compelled to admit their superiority and subsequently to acculturate themselves, accepting the Western way of life as a norm. The greatest consequence of this is homogenization of cultures and the loss of identity in the process of implementing Western ideologies. Today, the world we live in is taking part in the process of an increased integration through the movement of people and goods. The growing development of communication makes the unification of the entire globe seem as something completely natural. Globalization of our societies and every day lives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ However, the question that is being imposed upon us is whether this compression of the world into one global society means that the world is being enriched and unified, or will it be torn apart by nations self-interest conflicts in the battle for preservation of their identities? The wide variety and diversity of our cultures and identities has always been, without a doubt, a part of who we are. Societies and cultures learn how to grow and prosper through overlapping and borrowing from each other. Some would argue that cultures should not be perceived as individual, but that they need to be examined in a more general way, since they constantly change and evolve. Cultures stopped being related to a mere geographical area and its society; nowadays, they are linked to the contemporary time that they exist in, as well as to the entire globe. Thanks to the process of globalization, today we have unique emerging cultures, such as Internet culture, artists culture, culture of the young people from around the world and others that are becoming a part of a universal set of values and ideas, turning the world into one global culture. However, while this unification of cultures has its benefits, at the same time it brings along the risk of an intercultural and identity-related conflict. For some people, their culture is everything that makes them who they are, it is an essential part of their identity. For example, in a case of a possible dispute between cultures that have confronting views and prejudice against each other, their people will hold on strongly to their national identity and culture, because they feel intimately related to it and see it as their protection. In an effort to preserve ones culture, language or religion, people very often become involved in conflicts. Most importantly, these conflicts becomes aggravated by the consuming influence of biased media Furthermore, as a result of negative stereotypes, different cultures may view each other as alien and threatening and can lead to a clash of civilizations, as Huntington refers to it.FOOTNOTE NEEDED Additionally, an increased interaction between cultures can lead to the creation of a unified culture imposed by the more influencing and dominating one. Therefore, this would lead to the homogenization of the world. This brings around cultural imperialism as an inherent part, as well as a product of the overall process of imperialism, where one country with dominant economy, culture and policy has control over others. This causes the local cultures, especially those in the so-called Third World countries, to be exploited and challenged by the dominant, most often Western values. Unsurprisingly, this comes as an effect of many centuries during which West had the chance to establish its dominance in the world. Cultural imperialism occurs when one culture is presented in such a manner that is seems undeveloped and non-modern when compared to another. Accordingly, the dominant cultures standards and norms become gradually accepted by the locals who believe in its superiority. This is why some intellectuals equate globalization with the Western imperialism; they argue that the West is imposing its ideas of liberalism onto the rest of the world through the process of globalization and therefore ensuring and reaffirming its hegemony. Instead of physically colonizing the rest of the world, the West has chosen more subtle means of propagating its ideas. The spread of Western, namely American goods around the world is not a simple coincidence- it is a part of the process of cultural imperialism. In addition, instead of being a simple trend of consumerism of American products, cultural imperialism implies the implementation of American ideas such as freedom of speech and democracy. As a result, this process leads to the steady disperse of unique cultures across the globe as t hey succumb to the influence of the more powerful American culture. So, whats in it for the West and America and whats their real motive? Many people believe that the main reason is the protection of the unlimited access to foreign markets, along with an actual and concrete belief in the American superiority by their citizens. However, it is simple to convince the Americans of their own superiority, but when convincing foreign cultures, they have to be more assertive and creative. Thus, marketing, along with advertising, plays an extremely important role in the process of Americanization. Its importance lies in the fact that it has the ability to persuade others in the modernity and the advanced stage of development of those American goods. Consequently, they begin to dominate local markets, doing no good to the local economy; hence, the local production industry weakens and gives way to the American economic interests. Another way of influencing local cultures and identities is through the vehicle of Internet. It plays a huge role in propagating the American culture, and enables it to be extremely exposed to the entire globe. However, the users of Internet that wish not to be exposed to the influence of American propagating contents can easily avoid it, since they are the active players in the seek of information online. Nevertheless, those who choose to be exposed to it, Internet can severely increase it. Governments are aware of this, and some of them, like the Chinese and Cuban, have restricted their citizens from the free flow of information, in order to prevent the Western influence. Oxymoronically, by restricting them, their governments are reassuring the fact that their citizens will not be the providers, but mere recipients of the Internet information flow. On the other hand, there is a substantial number of scholars who believe that the process of Americanizing the world is, as a matter of fact, a good thing for the entire world. They argue that through globalization, people become aware of the importance of strengthening their identity so they work on its preservation. In contrast to that, cultural imperialism can also lead to the establishment of a homogenized global identity that would help bring the world together. Accordingly, it would have a positive effect, hence the world will be more secure and stable through the elimination of the diverse and conflicting cultures. The Americans are already on the way to establish a single world society with minimum or no cultural restraints. However, the question being imposed on us is whether the uncertain assurance of a world peace is enough to justify the gradual disappearance of the numerous local cultures. Even though indigenous cultures are aware of the growing impact of American cultur al imperialism, there is not much they can do to stop it, since they are not strong enough to compete. They could try to limit the access to information, but that would contradict with the basic human rights which guarantee that everyone is able to attain free and unlimited knowledge and information through any means of media. Theoretically speaking, every nation, religion, race and ethnic group are equal, as long as they fulfill the needs of their people. Unfortunately, having superior and inferior, dominant and subordinate cultures, equality among them seem to be impossible. However, domination is nothing new- it has always existed throughout the history of the world, especially during colonization when Western powers believed they need to civilize the indigenous nations, while they were in fact exploiting them. The need for a cultural dialogue : When it comes to globalization and the issue of cultural imperialism, there seem to be two opposing views: some believe that the interaction and unification of cultures will lead to a clash of civilizations, while others claim it will bring around the greatly needed dialogue and cooperation. The global culture of today is, without a doubt, being shaped by the West. Nevertheless, it can and must be challenged by those that are being influenced by it, who should not just adopt their norms, but adapt and shape them so they fit the framework of their own culture and values. In addition, the fact that it is not just one culture influencing the other should not be overlooked; it is actually a process of mutual interaction and impact. Despite the fact that it is one of the modern worlds greatest challenges, intercultural dialogue is probably the best solution to counter cultural conflicts and crisis. Instead of simply succumbing to the influence, or doing the opposite- refraining and prohibiting the goods, people and world organizations should try appealing to the American governments to pass laws to restrain their companies from selling goods that endanger the survival of local market, and those companies should be prohibited from doing business. America must be fair and admit that perhaps what is good for its own economy, might not be good for the rest of the world and that the rights of people should be put before the need to make profit.

Wire Metamaterials-Based Microring Resonator

Wire Metamaterials-Based Microring Resonator Wire Metamaterials-Based Microring Resonator in Subwavelength Structure Ahmed A. Ali, Mohanned J. and A. H. Al-Janabi Abstract In this work we present the possibility of building a subwavelength microring resonator by manipulating the unite cell in the wire metamaterials. The proposed structure consist of mesh of copper wires. Firstly linear waveguide, bended waveguide as well as beam splitter were investigated at microwave range (737 MHZ), then the full structure of microring resonator were tested using commercial finite difference package CST Microwave. Introduction Natural materials are made up by lots and lots of small elements like atoms and molecules. Some of these materials are amorphous, others are crystalline [1]. Our main interest is in the interplay of waves and materials restricted to classical physics, the key parameter is a/ÃŽ », where a is the distance between elements in the material and ÃŽ » is the free-space wavelength. Artificial materials in which atoms and molecules are replaced by macroscopic, man-made, elements [2]. All dimensions are bigger than those in natural materials. When the separation between the elements is comparable with the wavelength then we have the Bragg effect [3][4], and when the separation is much smaller than the wavelength then we can resort to effective-medium theory [4]. In the former case we have talked about photonic bandgap materials [5] and in the latter case about metamaterials [6]. Generally, PCs are composed of periodic dielectric or metallo-dielectric nanostructures that have alternating low and high dielectric constant materials (refractive index) in one, two, and three dimensions, which affect the propagation of electromagnetic waves inside the structure [7]. Due to this periodicity, PCs exhibit a unique optical property, namely, a photonic band gap (PBG) where electromagnetic mode propagation is absolutely zero due to reflection. PBG is the range of frequencies that neither absorbs light nor allows light propagation. By introducing a defect (point or line or both) in these structures, the periodicity and thus the completeness of the band gap are broken and the propagation of light can be localized in the PBG region. Such an outcome allows realization of a wide variety of active and passive devices for signal processing such as, add-drop filters, power splitters, multiplexers and demultiplexers, triplexers, switches, directional couplers, bandstop filters, bandpass filters, and waveguides. However, because of their wavelength-scale period, PCs result in large devices. This seriously restrains the range of applications, specifically in the low-frequency regimes where the wavelength is large. Metamaterials, on the contrary, possess spatial scales typically much smaller than the wavelength1 Since they were theoretically proposed by Pendry et al [8], and experimentally demonstrated by Smith et al.[9], metamaterials have attracted intensive research interest from microwave engineers and physicists in recent years because of their wide applications in super-lenses [6], [10], slow light [11], [12], optical switching [13], and wave guiding [14], [15] Metamaterials are usually studied under the approach of the effective medium theory and experimentally measured from the far field [4]. They are mainly considered for their macroscopic properties owing to the subwavelength nature of their unit cells. Recently, Fabrice Lemoult et al [16] have merged the wave guiding possibilities offered by PCs and the deep subwavelength nature of metamaterials by focusing on the propagation of waves in metamaterials made of resonant unit cells that are arranged on a deep subwavelength scale to go beyond the effective medium approximation. By manipulating the unit cell of the wire they were able to experimentally investigate the main components that can be used to control waves at the deep subwavelength scale: a cavity, a linear waveguide, bending as well as the beam splitter Here we were be able to model their system first using the CST Microwave studio. Then we would expand the work to built a ring resonator used as add-drop filter or to built the field up to gain the nonlinear effect. Firstly the frequency response for the system were measured for a mesh of 20*20 Copper wires with 0.3cm diameter and 1.2cm separation 40cm (a) and length by measuring the S21 between two discrete ports position on the opposite side of the system, as shown in the system configuration figure (1), then the result were compared with the same structure but with 37cm length as shown in figure (2). figure (1) structure for the system under consideration, 20*20 Copper wires Figure (2) S21 for the both wire lengths with the frequency selective line The scanned bandwidth was about 300MHz from (600-900) MHz, then a certain frequency (737MHz) were selected on which the short wires (37cm) would have maximum transmission and the longer ones (40cm) wires would have the lower transmission (band gap region slightly above the resonance frequency of fn=nC/2L, were n: an integer C: speed of light, L:wire length). Linear waveguide were investigated by shorting a single raw of wires (37cm) inside the 20*20 mesh of (40cm) wires and recording the field propagation on the waveguide as shown in figure (3), profile of the signal inside the waveguide illustrated in the inset give the waveguide width of ÃŽ »/32 Figure (3) subwavelength waveguide by shorting one row of the wires It clearly shows the weak propagation on the system due to weak interference between our unit cell, wires here,. Anyhow the counter plot for the waveguide, shown in figure (4), clearly shows the resonance around the short wires and forbidden propagation around long ones. Figure (4) subwavelength waveguide by shorting one row of the wires (contour view) To enhance the coupling between the unit cells (wires here) and increase the waveguide efficiency two adjacent rows of wires were shortened. The field map for the latter case were presented in figure (5). Figure (5) subwavelength waveguide by shorting two rows of the wires (showing good coupling) Bended waveguide and beam splitter were simulated also as shown in figures (6 and 7) respectively. Figure (6) subwavelength bended waveguide Figure (7) subwavelength beam splitter Finally, the complicated structure of microring resonator were molded as shown in figure (8) Figure (8) subwavelength ring resonator References [1]N. D. Ashcroft, NeilW. and Mermin, Solid state physics, First. Orlando, FL: Saunders College Publishing, 1976. [2]D. Smith, W. Padilla, D. Vier, S. Nemat-Nasser, and S. Schultz, â€Å"Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity,† Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 84, no. 18, pp. 4184–7, May 2000. [3]C. J. Humphreys, â€Å"The significance of Bragg’s law in electron diffraction and microscopy, and Braggs second law.,† Acta Crystallogr. A., vol. 69, no. Pt 1, pp. 45–50, Jan. 2013. [4]B. A. Slovick, Z. G. Yu, and S. Krishnamurthy, â€Å"Generalized effective-medium theory for metamaterials,† Phys. Rev. B, vol. 89, no. 15, p. 155118, Apr. 2014. [5]S. Arismar Cerqueira, â€Å"Recent progress and novel applications of photonic crystal fibers,† Reports Prog. Phys., vol. 73, no. 2, p. 024401, Feb. 2010. [6]J. B. Pendry, â€Å"Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens,† Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 85, no. 18, pp. 3966–3969, Oct. 2000. [7]E. Yablonovitch, T. Gmitter, and K. Leung, â€Å"Photonic band structure: The face-centered-cubic case employing nonspherical atoms,† Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 67, no. 17, pp. 2295–2298, Oct. 1991. [8]W. J. Pendry, J.B.; Holden, A.J.; Robbins, D.J.; Stewart, â€Å"Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena,† IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 47, pp. 2075–2084, 1999. [9]S. Shelby, R.A.; Smith, D.R.; Schultz, â€Å"Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction,† Science (80-. )., vol. 292, pp. 77–79, 2001. [10]N. Fang, H. Lee, C. Sun, and X. Zhang, â€Å"Sub-diffraction-limited optical imaging with a silver superlens.,† Science, vol. 308, no. 5721, pp. 534–7, Apr. 2005. [11]Q. Bai, C. Liu, J. Chen, C. Cheng, M. Kang, and H.-T. Wang, â€Å"Tunable slow light in semiconductor metamaterial in a broad terahertz regime,† J. Appl. Phys., vol. 107, no. 9, p. 093104, May 2010. [12]R. Singh, C. Rockstuhl, F. Lederer, and W. Zhang, â€Å"Coupling between a dark and a bright eigenmode in a terahertz metamaterial,† Phys. Rev. B, vol. 79, no. 8, p. 085111, Feb. 2009. [13]H. Kind, H. Yan, B. Messer, M. Law, and P. Yang, â€Å"Nanowire Ultraviolet Photodetectors and Optical Switches,† Adv. Mater., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 158–160, Jan. 2002. [14]A. Wang, A. Tuniz, P. G. Hunt, E. M. Pogson, R. A. Lewis, A. Bendavid, S. C. Fleming, B. T. Kuhlmey, and M. C. J. Large, â€Å"Fiber metamaterials with negative magnetic permeability in the terahertz,† Opt. Mater. Express, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 115, Apr. 2011. [15]A. Argyros, â€Å"Microstructures in Polymer Fibres for Optical Fibres, THz Waveguides, and Fibre-Based Metamaterials Open Access Library.† [Online]. Available: http://www.oalib.com/paper/2813112#.U_EI7mPFNDQ. [Accessed: 17-Aug-2014]. [16]F. Lemoult, N. Kaina, M. Fink, and G. Lerosey, â€Å"Wave propagation control at the deep subwavelength scale inmetamaterials,† Nat. Phys., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 55–60, Nov. 2012.

Sapphos A Prayer To Aphrodite and Seizure Essay -- Prayer To Aphrodit

Sappho's A Prayer To Aphrodite and Seizure Sappho wrote poems about lust, longing, suffering, and their connections to love. Her poetry is vivid, to the point where the reader or listener can feel the sentiments rising from the core of his or her own being. The poetry truly depicts a realistic picture of the bonds of love. Through the subtle differences of the poems, "A Prayer To Aphrodite," and "Seizure," Sappho conveys the intensity of the longing and suffering of love. In "A Prayer To Aphrodite," Sappho is offering a prayer, of sorts, to the goddess of love. She doesn't directly describe the pains her love causes her: she suggests them, and allows Aphrodite to elaborate. She mentions the grief one feels at the denial of love, but that is all. She implies that she is living in darkness, without this love she so desires. Aphrodite comes to her -- taking pains to do so -- in all her splendor. She knows immediately what Sappho wishes of her. She has been there for the same purpose before...

body image project :: essays research papers

I visited the art gallery this month they are featuring Larry Kirkwood's Body Image Project. The purpose of this exhibit to to help people understand that it's who we are on the inside that makes us beautiful. The first thing I saw when I walked into the gallery was a big piece of cardboard with pictures from magazines and people who visited made comments about them. Overall, everyone who commented stated that beauty that we see in magazines is not real. The people in the magazines send the message that you aren't beautiful if you don't look like them. But in reality beauty is whatever you see it as, not how you look. This exihibit shows that beauty is found in all shapes and sizes, not just one shape and size. As I continued to walk around I saw all different body shapes. Each of them were beautiful in their own way. There was one body of a woman who was 56 years old. Her chest was not that of a 'normal' woman because her breast implants leaked, and left indentations in her chest. There was another woman who had one breast removed and wanted to be a part of this art because she wanted to offer hope to those who are going through breast cancer. After I left the exhibit I went to the artists website, he has pictures of some of the bodies he's casted and why each of them is beautiful. Also on the website he has his mission of this project. He says his mission is to " give you a more honest and healthy view of who we really are physically." As an example of that there is a model who, in the past was bulemic. She still thinks shes fat, but now she has a more realistic view of what she looks like. One man stated that the media is trying to make people feel ugly and disgusting. One of his examples was a few years ago he saw a shampoo commercial on tv. A man was in an elevator and noticed he had a few dandruff flakes on his shoulder.

Assessment Task – Mu 5.2

MU5. 2 Paper on children and young people’s development at local conference Task one The sequence and rate of development that would normally be expected in children and young people from birth to 19 years. Children’s do not develop at the same rate as each another . Every child has different rate of Development Areas of development: These are the main areas of development 1. Physical development 2. Social development 3. Intellectual development 4. Language development As there will be difference of children progress at the same rate . The below is the guide on how they might develop for the following age’s ranges Age 0 to 3 years 1. Physical development: Babies turn their head towards sounds and movement’s . They like to watch the face of adult at feeding time. They start sitting with support and gradually sit alone . They raise their hand and aspect to be lifted. They try to walk, then will be able to run and use a bicycle. They will try to hold pencil and try to write use the toilet alone. 2. Social development: At the initial months they will recognize mother face and voice they enjoy playing with others and game ticks like peak-boo. They will please adult and perform for the audience. They develop sense of identity. Some want to do themselves. 3. Intellectual development: They begin to realise others are separate beings from themselves. They imitate others and try out ways of behaving in play. They will become more confident but still they need adult support. They will know who their main carers are and cry if they are left with someone they do not know and they begin to understand the world around them. 4. Language development: Initially they make variety of happy sounds. As they grow they will make four to five different sounds and turn their head towards sources of sounds. Then they improve from using single words to complex words. By two they will use 30 to 150 words. After that they put words together into sentence. Ages 3 to 7 years 1. Physical development: They try to walk on tiptoe, walk up and down stairs. They jump with feet together. They will hop. As they grow they will ride bicycle. They climb confidently. They write and will undo buttons and thread beads. 2. Social development: At this age they become more confident and self motivated. They sometimes play co-operatively with other children and will enjoy copying and helping adults 3. Intellectual development, During this stage, children's thought processes are developing, although they are still considered to be far from ‘logical thought', in the adult sense of the word. The vocabulary of a child is also expanded and developed during this stage, as they change from babies and toddlers into ‘little people'. worry about not being liked. Start to understand rules be frightened of things like ghosts. 4. Language Development children will start to talk clearly so anyone can understand them by their 7th birthday they can tell jokes and enjoy conversations. Ages 7 to 13 years 1. Physical Development The children can throw, kick and control a ball, hop and ride a bicycle, use their hands to thread, use scissors well, build models and write clearly by their 12th birthday and use good co-ordination skills. 2. Social Development The children will have a best friend and will worry about not being liked. They will also start to understand rules, start to argue with their parents. They will seem very grown up but also very childish at times. 3. Intellectual development:†During this stage, the thought process becomes more rational, mature and ‘adult like', or more ‘operational', Although this process most often continues well into the teenage years. Belief in animism and ego centric thought tends to decline during the Concrete Operational stage, although, remnants of this way of thinking are often found in adults. solve problems enjoy responsibility 4. Language Development The children will tell you what they are good at Ages 13 to 19 years . Physical development Have an adult body,have high level of skills in some areas, for example drawing or computing 2. Social Development, Enjoy their friends’ company more than that of their family have mood swings feel very anxious at times. 3. intellectual development They will develop their own identity, tastes in music, clothes â€Å"This permits adolescents to reason beyond a world of concrete reality to a world of possibilities and to operate logically on symbols and information that do not necessarily refer to objects and events in the real world. Adolescents can focus on verbal assertions and evaluate their logical validity without making refence to real-world circumstances. In contrast, concrete operational children can evaluate the logic of statements by considering them against concrete evidence only. 4. language development, The difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why the distinction is important the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why is the distinction is important is that the speed at which the development happens in an individual child is important because speed does ot necessarily have to do with the sequence also it's important to recognize the difference so you can identify where children need help. The important thing to remember is that all children develop at different rates and may be earlier in achieving some aspects of development and later in others. Why children and young peoples development may not follow the pattern normally expecte d. The following reasons can affect children and young peoples development patters Finances Amount of money available for food, education, holidays. Families who are poor may have enough money for food, for some clothes and for heating, but poverty means that there is little money for interesting purchases and exciting lifestyles. Families who depend on benefits have limited life choices. Health status Long term illness, acute illness e. g. meningitis . Health can be affected by low income and a range of socio-economic factors such as access to good-quality health services and shops selling good-quality food at affordable prices. Environment There can be disadvantages to living in poor-quality or high-density housing. These can include noise, pollution, overcrowding, poor access to shops and other facilities, and stress from petty crime. When people are on a low income, household maintenance can become a problem. Poorly maintained housing can create health problems. Cultural background expectations of different groups Genetics Effect of inheritance, e. g. height, skills Social class Impact of long term poverty, attitudes to educational development, poor neighborhoods Gender Different rates of growth for girls and boys Family background Different expectations for development, love and support. Family unit eg uclear family single parent family. Expectations of a child can cause stress in a young child which can affect their development. Task two Children and young peoples development can be influenced by a range of personal factors such as †¢Illness – a childs development may be influenced if they have been suffering from an illness that has caused a delay in them reaching their mile sto nes †¢Child has moved home- if a child has moved home they may feel powerless, alone, fearful, angry and afraid to ask for help, or share their feelings, for fear of worrying the adults in their lives even more. Parents have separated, divorced the child can feel confused, unloved and afraid worrying about their parents. †¢Family situation, a parent / sibling may have a serious illness, or family member passed away can make a child have a feeling of not belonging. †¢Family members working long hours unable to give a child love, care and attention. †¢Child may have changed setting or use different child care facilities. †¢Speech and hearing can delay a child in them not being able to communicate their feelings effectively. †¢Social and Emotional wellbeing. Children and young people’s development can be influenced by a range of external factors such as †¢Language- a child who does not speak the native language. †¢Where they live. †¢Isolation- the child may have lived in isolation which has affected their gross motorskills and their language through not socialising with people. Theories of development and frameworks support development that influence current practice by Children have an ability to learn and this should be fostered by the environment around them and the experiences they have. The way in which children learn is therefore important to practioners. It forms a basis for their work. Understanding how children learn and how to support this learning requires knowledge of child development, which in turn can be used to implement the curriculum. Task 3 †¢The importance of early identification of development delay Early intervention can have a significant impact on a child’s ability to learn new skills as well as reduce the need for interventions over time. †¢The Potential risks of late recognition of development delay As the child gets older and begins school without early intervention, the abilities to keep with the learning requirements over time will be difficult for the child. †¢Multi agency teams work together to support all aspects of development in children and young people. Multiagency brings together practitioners from different sectors and professions within the workforce to provide integrated support to children and their families. It makes services more effective and beneficial to children and families by having a wider range of professionals expertise is available to help children and their families. These professionals are able to share information and ideas so a specific child is more likely to get the help and support they need. Integrated setting fosters a reflective, creative and problem solving approach to traditional barriers to working together in a holistic way. Integrated settings seek to build practitioners’ confidence to enable them to contribute to the developing higher status of those working in early years and childcare and empowers practitioners to facilitate change in local practice. How can play and leisure activities be used to support all access of development of children and young children; 1. Areas, resources and materials for different kinds of play reflect the cultural, diversity gender and abilities of children. 2. An environment is set up in a way that is safe, non threatening challenging and stimulating. 3. Sufficient time is given so that children individual interests and needs are identified and supported by the provision of activities or mater ials along with a wide range of materials to allow children choice in their play, for both group or individual play. . Children’s efforts are encouraged and acknowledged and praised children are encouraged to participate in a variety or experiences and to choose activities which support their development. If a child chooses not to participate it is respected. Task 4 Explain how different types of transitions can affect children and young people’s development. Children face transitions with a variety of experience, some positive some negative. They will nearly always be anxious. Faced with some unexpected transitions, like divorce or death, they may feel rejected or guilty, angry or unbearably sad. Awareness of their experience and what might be going through their little heads and giving a sensitive response should help bring them through so that transition leads to a stronger, more confident and rounded individuals. Examples of transitions are †¢birth †¢from milk to solids †¢from crawling to walking †¢from being fed to feeding ourselves †¢from nappies to being trained †¢becoming self aware †¢able to be cared for by others †¢going to nursery †¢going to school †¢developing new skills. Other transitions that some of the children in your care may experience are: †¢a new baby violence/abuse †¢parents divorcing/step parent/new partner †¢a serious illness/accident/death in the family †¢unexpected change of school †¢moving house. It is these early transitions, and how we cope with them that will have the greatest effect on the rest of our emotional development, and on our ability to cope with life’s cha llenges. Experience of transitions All of these transitions present a child with challenges. The child doesn’t usually have to go through the transitions on his own, he will be supported by those around him at home or in nursery, or in education. However, the experience of going through the transition will depend on the kind of response and support he gets from those around him. A child’s early experiences of transitions will have a big effect on how he handles transitions at later stages of his life If we respond warmly, firmly and consistently, even when a child has made a mistake, the child will come through the transition with positive rewards; feeling she belongs, feeling more confident, deepening a trusting relationship with important people around her. With unexpected transitions, such as divorce or moving house, there is even more pressure on the adults to get the supporting response right. Much damage can be done to a child if their feelings are not responded to when some serious change is taking place. Each transition provides the child with a new challenge. He already has a body of experience that now informs his view of the world. This is his mind-set. He uses this to assess the new challenge Children who have been badly treated are often have fear, anxiety or, more sadly, are more subdued and defensive. Mind-sets become almost instinctive and are often associated with strong emotions. A child’s early life experience should be filled with warm, happy and secure emotions because the brain will hardwire these feelings into the mind-set and help the child approach new transitions with confidence, even though it might mean letting go of some familiar rules and trusting new ones. Creating this trust through a transition is the work of the responsible adults round him. This is a particular challenge when the child is older because there is more hard wiring in the brain and mind-sets are getting more established even in the three and four year old Explain the importance of children and young people having positive relationships through periods of transition. If we respond warmly, firmly and consistently, even when a child has made a mistake, the child will come through the transition with positive rewards; feeling she/he belongs, feeling more confident, deepening a trusting relationship with important people around them. With unexpected transitions, such as divorce or moving house, there is even more pressure on the adults to get the supporting response right. Much damage can be done to a child if heir feelings are not responded to when some serious change is taking place. Each transition provides the child with a new challenge. She/ He already has a body of experience that now informs their view of the world. This is their mind-set. They use this to assess the new challenge. It is imperative that the adults in a child’s life respond in a positive manner to build a child’s confidence and self esteem which in turn will help a child to deal with transitions. 1. Effectiveness of positive relationships on children and young people’s development. 1. When a child feels safe secure and wanted through positive relationships they will have the confidence to try new things and have the mind set to deal with the many transitions that they will face whilst they are growing up and have the courage to try to new things which will help with their development. Task 5 Explain different methods of assessing, recording and monitoring children and young peoples development. Summative assessments done over a long period and makes statements about the child’s achievements at a particular point in time so that their progress can be tracked. EYFS Profile is the summative assessment completed by practitioners at the end of the EYFS. It summarises children’s progress towards the early learning goals. Examples of observations are Formative assessment is the type of assessment is type of assessment done every day when you observe children noting their interests and abilities. These assessments are based on observations, photographs, video, things children have made or drawn and information from parents. It informs or guides everyday planning. Observations Practioners observe children by watching what they are doing and how they are behaving †¢Seeing what they can do and what they are achieving †¢Noticing their reactions to new situations and opportunities and what particularly interests each child. †¢Being alert to any changes in their behavior, identify any unexpected changes in behavior or certain patterns and including the possibility of abuse †¢Recognizing when they move on to new skills Time s ampling Observing a child you have chosen for pre planned periods throughout the day. This method helps a practioner to get to know a child’s interests and is also a useful method should their be some concern about the child eg interacting with other children. Event sampling Observing a child at regular intervals of particular events or behavior. This method is useful for monitoring behavior. Structured Observation Setting up an organized situation to enable you observe how a child is progressing with a particular skill. Participative observation Observation carried out when you and the child are engaged in an activity together. this method enables you to check on what activities you share with the children show about what they are able to do and achieve, what they are ready to move on to and what they are interested in. Target child observation This observation is used to find out whether children are getting worthwhile experiences in a group if they are being challenged. Explain how and in what circumstances different methods are used for assessing recording and monitoring children and young peoples development in the work setting Explain how different types of interventions can promote outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the pattern normally expected. Speech and language can help children overcome most of their problems. By helping children gain the ability to use language they can help children gain confidence and self esteem I have seen this in my setting with children who have had communication and language needs. These children have gained confidence and their language is now at a level that they can interact with other children and not show frustration. This is because they can now express themselves. The Senco in an educational setting give support to children and families with special needs this person/s is also responsible for identification of special needs. Additional learning support staff works within and outside schools providing a range of services to help children who have certain specific educational needs. This might include people like teaching assistants or advisors to provide support and train staff. Youth justice this is based on children with behavioural problems these people will work with them and social workers to help them. Social workers are there to help vulnerable children and young people and their families this might include children on the child protection register or disabled children. Psychologist is a professional who helps support children who have learning or behavioural difficulties. They provide teachers and practitioners with aimed support programmes for that child once they have identified the child’s needs. A specialist nurse provides support for the family and child especially if that child suffers from medical conditions that need specialist care Also health visitors come under this title for measuring and assessing a child’s development . A psychiatrists is a doctor who is trained in mental health problems this person works alongside other professionals to help diagnose or support children and young people with mental health problems. Physiotherapist this professional help children with their movement especially those who have little or no movement they are trained to get the maximum movement and skill level. Referrals can take the shape of common assessment form which are filled in then in my setting passed upstairs to the health visitor, speech therapist or other health professionals that are required after being checked by the senco in the room. Speech and language also have their own referral forms which will be filled in and checked by the senco before being passed to the speech and language therapists. Early years action plans and plus plans are filled out and passed to the senco who will then speak to an education psychologist. With primary and secondary schools they also have school action plans which will be run through their senco and the school run individual learning plans. Evaluate the importance of accurate documentation regarding the development of children and young people.

Business Modeling Essay

Ted R everyey is working on conducting a direct for the upcoming year for an automobile carve up company. The selective information that go a conceives be utilize for this research has been put in from the quarterly gross sales from the preceding quadruplet old age. Ted wants to determine what is most dead on target way to determine the forecast for 2008. The toughie should likewise help determined if the economic mail and oil prices are affecting significantly the sales of the company. The two models that were provided were thoroughly examine to determine which model was the most appropriate to utilize. These models were a retroflection model with federal agents, seasons and an analog Holt-Winters model. The forecasts also show that there is a significant change in the sales with the economic hardship and oil prices. It was think that the Regression with Econometric Variables would be the go around rule to use to forecast the sales for 2008, estimating a 255 ,927,955 for that year.BackgroundWith the economy incessantly deteriorating everyone seems to be getting hurt financially, even off the automotive industry, which has deepening the economic recession. self-propelling part suppliers restd to experience concentrated debt and everywherecapacity caused by production cuts by automakers, specifically including the big 3 (Ford Motor Company, general Motors and Chrysler). The suppliersare also being touch by higher energy and scuttlebutt materials costs. It has been determined by diligence psychoanalyst that automotive companies that accounted for more than $72 one thousand million in sales fox filed for chapter 11 protections in 2008. The number of Bankruptcies allow continue to rise as the years go by. Domestically, Losing the big 3 to U.S affiliates of foreign- based manufacturers and imports in 2008 get down caused a dramatic 50% drop in the market share. close US suppliers are dependent on these three companies aforemention ed. U.S suppliers are occurrently face up the challenge of penetrating automakers supply chains, generally because these relationships have been long-established with home-market supplies. Ted Ralley is the director of a merchandising research for a manufacturer of sheer automobiles separate and its working on conducting a forecast for the upcoming year. Ted is certified of the forecasting misplays and how costly they can be which is why these numbers must be as accurate as possible. In order to perform this forecast, Ted has collected the selective information on quarterly sales for the preliminary four years and ran several forecasts exploitation clipping series forecasting methods. Ted observe that economic activity and oil prices have impacted significantly the auto part sales and decided that the forecast will be more accurate exploitation econometric varyings. ProblemWill the econometric variables be a better prognosticator of sales for the coming year, given the current economic activity and oil prices? depth psychologyThis analysis consisted of the evaluation of the degeneration model with factors, seasons and the additive Holt-Winters method to generate an accurate forecast of how econometric variables have alter the Auto Parts industry. The analysis touch calculating the errors metrics for the three models (mean compulsory percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), MAPE and Theils U-statistics (U)) and comparing them against for each one other. The error metrics were careful by using the formulas shown below Table 1.1 faulting Metrics FormulasAfter studying the data provided it could be determined that there is an upward(a) trend with obvious seasonality. other factor that played a role in these regressions was the removal of the first two years in order to meet Holt-Winters method guidelines. The first regression was conducted usingFactors was generated by utilizing the data that provided by Ted Ralley from a too l arge manufacturer of spare auto parts for automobiles. The data consisting of the quarterly sales for the previous four years was the dependent variables and freelance variables consisted of Time, quarter 2, quarter 3, quarter 4. In this regression quarter 1 was distant in order to avoid over forecasting and binary coding was used to generate dummy factors. After the regression was completed, the independent variables were tested to determine their significance, which was through by performing a regression on the data through Microsoft Excel. quarter 4 was removed from the model out-of-pocket to the fact that it was statistically insignificant. This was determined by using backward elimination, which means, a variable that has a P-Value that is greater than .05, is considered insignificant and should be removed from the data and a parvenu regression should be completed.The results from the new regression, shown below, have a P-Value less than .05 being qualified to reject the null hypothesis (Ha). A very strong positive analogue correlation amidst sales and all the independent variables combined with a 95.47%, release an unexplained variance of 4.53 is also demonstrated. tally to the textbook the most common amount of money of overall fit is the coefficient of determination (R2). Another important measure is the standard error (Se), which is derived from the sum of squared residuals for n observations and k predictors (Poane, Seward, 2013). A smaller Se Indicates a better fit, in this case the Se will be off by around 3.9 million. The coefficients used to run the forecast for 2008 are the following intercept coefficient + coefficient time x time 1 summation coefficient q2* code for Q2 dummy variable for q2 + confident(p) coefficient q3. Square error was used to rise the magnitude of the error the absolute judge of the error to the sales was found and thusly preceded to calculate to numerator. Numerator and denominator will be figure in other to use Thiels U. Numerator was calculated as follow difference between sales minus the sale of sign sale (difference q1-2 sales) /divided by q1 and squared.BibliographyPoane, D., & Seward, L. E. (2013). crinkle Modeling Customized Readings for QNT5040. Mc Graw Hill Education.Microsoft role Excel. (2007). Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation.Albright, Winston & Zappe (2010). Business Modeling, Selections from 4e QNT 5040 (4th ed.). Mason Cengage Learning. Aczel,A & Sounderpandian,J (2009). cease Business Statistics 7th edition (592). Mc Graw Hill Education.U.S. Automotive Parts Industry Annual Assessment. (2009, April 1). . Retrieved June 6, 2014, from http//trade.gov/mas/manufacturing/OAAI/build/groups/public/tg_oaai/documents/webcontent/tg_oaai_003759.pdf