salinger Essay -- essays research papers

LIFE AND PHILOSOPHY OF J.D. SALINGER J.D. Salinger is one of the most renowned writers of his time. J. D. Salinger is most known for his controversial in the Catcher in the Rye. Salinger is also known for many of his writings such as Franney and Zooey, Nine Stories, and Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters. The summer of 1930 he was voted â€Å"The Most Popular Writer†. â€Å"Salinger is a beautifully deft, professional who gives us a chance to catch quick, half-amused, half-frightened glimpses of ourselves and our contemporaries, as he confronts us with his brilliant mirror images† (Lomazoff 1). In the novel, Catcher in the Rye, there is a relationship between the main character, Holden Caulfield, and Salinger. J.D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye explicitly demonstrates his life and philosophy in relation to his work.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Salinger was born January 1, 1919 in New York City. He was the second of two children. He had an older sister named Doris. His parents were Sol and Marie Salinger. His father was Jewish, and his mother was Scotch-Irish. He was raised up in Manhattan during 1920’s and early 1930’s. His parents enrolled him in McBurney Prep School in 1932. He flunked and his parents sent him to Valley Forge Military Academy, Pennsylvania. Later, after graduating he was drafted into the military and was known for carrying a typewriter around so he could write and publish stories. His perspective on life was molded by his experience in World War II. The ...

Land Law Essay

Proprietary estoppel protects a person who has a non contractual agreement over land but they have suffered a detriment due to them acting upon a reliance based on an assurance made by the claimant. There has been much discussion in recent case law and academic commentaries as to the elements which make up the nature of proprietary estoppel. Unconscionaibility is a major point for discussion in deciding whether it should be treated as a separate element or if it is linked into the three main elements. This essay will consider and discuss the nature of proprietary estoppel and the two views on unconscionaibility; whether there will always be unconscionaibility if there has been a non-performance of an assurance causing the claimant to suffer a detriment based on the assurance which they relied on or if unconscionaibility should be proven as a separate element in each case. The starting point of proprietary estoppel was in the case of Willmott v Barber (1880) where five criteria were laid down, which had to be satisfied by a person claiming proprietary estoppel and the courts applied these criteria to a wide range of proprietary estoppel claims. However these criteria were criticised for being too strict leading to the broader approach established in Taylor Fashions Ltd v Liverpool Trustees Co Ltd (1982) where Oliver J stated: ‘whether, in particular individual circumstances, it would be unconscionable for a party to be permitted to deny that which, knowingly or unknowingly, he has allowed or encouraged another to assume to his detriment’. Although the approach became broader there still remained essential elements which must be satisfied for a successful claim. The more modern approach towards proprietary estoppel is based on three main elements, firstly an assurance of land or property being made to the claimant, the claimant relying on the assurance which has been made and finally the claimant suffering a detriment as a consequence of relying on the assurance made. The main point for discussion and questioning in proprietary estoppel is the role of unconscionaibility and whether it should be treated as a fourth element which too must be satisfied in order for a claim to be successful or if unconscionaibility is interlinked with the other elements of proprietary estoppel. Proprietary estoppel acts as ‘a sword and a shield’ and can be used in one of two ways. ‘Put positively, the reason why it is possible to use proprietary estoppel to generate a property interest in a favour of a claimant despite the absence of the normal formality rules is because of the need to prevent unconscionable conduct. This is why unconscionaibility is the foundation of estoppel. It is the antidote to the otherwise fatal absence of formality. ’ This is one of the views on unconscionaibility which suggest that unconscionaibility is at the heart of proprietary estoppel rather than a separate element of it. The first element of proprietary estoppel is encouragement where the claimant’s belief that they would have some rights over land or property has been encouraged by the promisor and this could have been done actively or passively. Active encouragement is seen in common expectation cases where the claimant has been actively persuaded through an express representation as in Inwards v Baker (1965) where a son was actively encouraged to build on his fathers land in the expectation that it would be his in the future. Common expectation cases are dealt with more generously by judges, compared to passive cases, as the promisor has lead the claimant to have a reasonable belief that they would acquire the land therefore leading them to rely upon that assurance causing them to suffer a detriment. It would be seen as unconscionable in a common expectation case for the claimant to have been encouraged to suffer a detriment for the promisor to then go back on their assurance, meaning that unconscionaibility is instantly a running theme in the elements as it can be seen at the first instance and should therefore not be treated as a separate element. The encouragement could also be passive, for example a land owner standing by watching someone build on their land knowing that somebody is acting under a mistaken belief. The nature of a passive expectation made to the claimant can be distinguished in commercial and domestic cases as was seen in Cobbe v Yeoman’s Row Management Ltd (2008) where the House of Lords established that the expectation of an interest in land should not be vague in a commercial situation. The expectation should be for ‘a certain interest in land’ for proprietary estoppel purposes which was not the expectation held by Cobbe therefore the expectation was held to be too vague. Lord Scott stated ‘Unconscionaibility in my opinion plays a very important part in the doctrine of equitable estoppel, in unifying and confirming, as it were, the other elements. If the other elements appear to be present but the result does not shock the conscience of the court, the analysis needs to be looked at again. This statement shows how case law endorses the unconscionaibility approach as being interlinked with the other elements of proprietary estoppel however if all of the elements are not satisfied there can not be a claim for proprietary estoppel as is the case here. In domestic (family) cases, the nature of the expectation doesn’t have to be so specific as long as there is an interest or right in land that would amount to a significant expectation. The assura nce made must be clear enough so that claimant is found to have relied upon. Lord Walker stated in the case of Thorner v Major (2009) â€Å"There is no definition of proprietary estoppel that is both comprehensive and uncontroversial†¦the doctrine is based on three main elements, although they express them in slightly different terms: a representation or assurance made to the claimant; reliance on it by the claimant; reliance on it by the claimant; and detriment to the claimant in consequence of his (reasonable) reliance† One view on unconscionaibility stated that ‘Once there has been detrimental reliance on an assurance, it is unconscionable to withdraw it’ therefore if it cannot be proven that an assurance existed then it wont be unconscionable for it to be withdrawn showing that unconscionaibility is a running theme within proprietary estoppel rather than a separate element. One difficulty in deciding these kinds of cases is that although an assurance has been made to the claimant in the way of a will, the claimant is also aware th at the will could be revoked at any time therefore the question to be asked is whether their reliance based on the assurance was adequate. The second element of proprietary estoppel is reliance where the claimant must have been encouraged to rely on the promisor’s assurance which has caused them to suffer a detrimental loss by changing their position and there must be a sufficient causal link between this in that the encouragement must have caused the detriment suffered. Reliance can not be treated as an element alone it has to have caused a change in the position of the claimant, if no detriment has been suffered then there can be no claim for proprietary estoppel. There are several ways in which the courts can show how the claimant was influenced to rely on the encouragement; firstly is by clearly showing that there has been a change in position by the claimants positive act, for example the claimant spending money on the land or making property improvements based on the assurance that it will become theirs, causing them to suffer a detriment. Where the claimant has acted in a way different to what he would had the assurance not been made nd relied on this can also show how the encouragement has influenced the reliance causing a detriment as in Jones (AE) v Jones (FW) (1977) where a son acted on the assurance of property becoming his left his job and house to live with his father, however had the assurance not had been made he would not have done this leading to the detriment that he suffered. There can be a presumption made that the claimant relied on the assurances given to them based on there conduct and in these cases the burden is put onto the other party to prove that the claimant did not rely on the promises made and this is hard to prove as it is a subjective matter based on the claimants state of mind. This was the case in Greasley v Cooke (1980) where the defendant did not have to prove that she relied on assurances as it was presumed from her conduct. The final element of proprietary estoppel is that the person must have suffered a detriment due to the reliance on the assurance which has caused a change in their position. The detriment suffered can be in many forms not just that of financial detriment although it must be substantial in making it unconscionable for the land owner to withdraw their promise of land to the claimant. Walton v Walton (1994) shows where financial detriment wasn’t the main detriment suffered, the claimant had suffered a personal detriment as he had spent years of his life relying on the assurance made to him that the farm would one day be his, and he couldn’t get those years of his life back. Public policy in formalities of contracts plays a major part in the deciding claims for proprietary estoppel. Section 2 Law of Property (Miscellaneous Previsions) Act 1989 states that (1) A contract for the sale or other disposition of an interest in land can only be made in writing and only by incorporating all the terms which the parties have expressly agreed in one document, or where contracts are exchanged, in each. This act stops informalities in land transfers where a claimant would be expected to sign up a contract but hasn’t done so, as in Cobbe, and this is where they would turn to proprietary estoppel to try and show that the detriment which they have suffered is due to the unconsionability of the removal of the assurance which they had originally relied on. Proprietary estoppel acts as a way around formalities and a form of protection for those who have not followed contractual formalities in the transfer of land. Why should people be able to use proprietary estoppel to make a claim for land where they have followed formalities and drawn up a contract as in Cobbe, it can be seen that it is not unconscionable for the promisor to withdraw as there is no contractual agreement. However in domestic cases where there wouldn’t always be an expectation of a legal contract to be drawn up proprietary estoppel can stop unfair decisions being made due to the lack of formalities where it would be unconscionable for the defendant to suffer a detriment due to an assurance on which they have relied. There are clearly two competing arguments against proprietary estoppel, the first being that ‘once there has been detrimental reliance on an assurance, it is unconscionable to withdraw it. Indicating that unconscionaibility is a function of the three elements. If unconscionaibility was seen as a separate element then it would be pointless in having formalities as it wouldn’t matter whether it was unconscionable or not as long as the other elements had been satisfied. The second view on unconscionaibility is that of it being a separate fourth element and in some circumstance this can be seen as being successful for example in commercial cases where the first three elements of proprietary estoppel have been established but it would be unconscionable for the claimant to benefit due to the lack of formalities and contractual agreement.

Acids and Bases Terms and Definitions

There are several methods of defining acids and bases. While these definitions dont contradict each other, they do vary in how inclusive they are. The most common definitions of acids and bases are Arrhenius acids and bases, Brà ¸nsted-Lowry  acids and bases, and Lewis acids and bases. Antoine Lavoisier, Humphry Davy, and Justus Liebig also made observations regarding acids and bases, but didnt formalize definitions. Svante Arrhenius  Acids and Bases The Arrhenius theory of acids and bases dates back to 1884, building on his observation that salts, such as sodium chloride, dissociate into what he termed ions when placed into water. acids produce H ions in aqueous solutionsbases produce OH- ions in aqueous solutionswater required, so only allows for aqueous solutionsonly protic acids are allowed; required to produce hydrogen ionsonly hydroxide bases are allowed Johannes Nicolaus Brà ¸nsted - Thomas Martin Lowry Acids and Bases The  Brà ¸nsted or  Brà ¸nsted-Lowry theory describes acid-base reactions as an acid releasing a proton and a base accepting a proton. While the acid definition is pretty much the same as that proposed by Arrhenius (a hydrogen ion is a proton), the definition of what constitutes a base is much broader. acids are proton donorsbases are proton acceptorsaqueous solutions are permissiblebases besides hydroxides are permissibleonly protic acids are allowed Gilbert Newton Lewis  Acids and Bases The Lewis theory of acids and bases is the least restrictive model. It doesnt deal with protons at all, but deals exclusively with electron pairs. acids are electron pair acceptorsbases are electron pair donorsleast restrictive of the acid-base definitions Properties of Acids and Bases Robert Boyle described the qualities of acids and bases in 1661. These characteristics may be used to easily distinguish between the two sets up chemicals without performing complicated tests: Acids taste sour (dont taste them!)—the word acid comes from the Latin acere, which means souracids are corrosiveacids change litmus (a blue vegetable dye) from blue to redtheir aqueous (water) solutions conduct electric current (are electrolytes)react with bases to form salts and waterevolve hydrogen gas (H2) upon reaction with an active metal (such as alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, zinc, aluminum) Common Acids citric acid (from certain fruits and veggies, notably citrus fruits)ascorbic acid (vitamin C, as from certain fruits)vinegar (5% acetic acid)carbonic acid (for carbonation of soft drinks)lactic acid (in buttermilk) Bases taste bitter (dont taste them!)feel slippery or soapy (dont arbitrarily touch them!)bases dont change the color of litmus; they can turn red (acidified) litmus back to bluetheir aqueous (water) solutions conduct an electric current (are electrolytes)react with acids to form salts and water Common Bases detergentssoaplye (NaOH)household ammonia (aqueous) Strong and Weak Acids and Bases The strength of acids and bases depends on their ability to dissociate or break into their ions in water. A strong acid or strong base completely dissociates (e.g., HCl or NaOH), while a weak acid or weak base only partially dissociates (e.g., acetic acid). The acid dissociation constant and base dissociation constant indicates the relative strength of an acid or base. The acid dissociation constant Ka is the equilibrium constant of an acid-base dissociation: HA H2O ⇆ A- H3O where HA is the acid and A- is the conjugate base. Ka [A-][H3O] / [HA][H2O] This is used to calculate pKa, the logarithmic constant: pka - log10 Ka The larger the pKa value, the smaller the dissociation of the acid and the weaker the acid. Strong acids have a pKa of less than -2.

How Napoleon Was A Great Leader Who Led The French Empire

Kenny Stalowski CP World Cultures 10 Mr. Yeckel March 26, 2015 Rough Draft Napoleon Bonaparte was a great leader who led the French Empire, Got the French back into a good economic state after the revolution, and conquered most of Europe. As his power grew so did the French. The French were nearly unbeatable under his leadership. As a child he was also timid and lacked any sense of power. He read a lot on history and military campaigns. Although he was very smart in the art of war his sense of aggressiveness was his major own fall. As a child he was also timid and lacked any sense of power. Born in 1769, in Ajacco, Corsica Napoleon was introduced to this world. His father, Carlo Bonaparte, and his mother, Leticia Bonaparte, bore a child that would change the face of the world. Napoleon was a short scrawny timid boy who was very quite and wasn’t liked that much. He was a carefree little child until his Father enrolled him into military school. Military school this is where Napoleon gained his strategic intelligence. He would hours on end about historical military campaigns. Also he was a very determined little boy and stopped at nothing to make sure he got what he wanted. He grew up and joined the French army and that’s where it all started for Napoleon. Napoleon in the French Revolution was huge. He was a great smart leader and the French Military started to recognize him. He started quickly moving rank to rank and just kept going never stopped. His dominance in war reallyShow MoreRelatedJulius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte1340 Words   |  6 Pages11/4/12 Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte This world has seen many great leaders and emperors but two of them standout a little more than the others. Their names are Julius Caesar and Napoleon Bonaparte. Both men were highly respected and greatly feared. They also ran great empires that spanned over thousands of miles. They wanted to rule and conquer anything they could. They have many similarities and differences in the way they ruled and conquered. Their empires were so big that thereRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte has been called a hero by some and a villain by many others. He was the First Consul of France, then the emperor of France, and finally an outlaw. Napoleon had a meteoric rise to power in the late 18th century, and lasted to the early 19th century. He was able to rise to power through his great military victories and he was able to keep his power by fending off enemies in wars and with some reforms. Napoleon started his life good, but different than many Fre nch rulers. NapoleonRead MoreIs Napoleon Bonaparte a Corrupt Leader A leader is not determined by what he does but how he does1000 Words   |  4 PagesIs Napoleon Bonaparte a Corrupt Leader A leader is not determined by what he does but how he does it. Napolà ©on was a great leader no doubt but was he corrupt? 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It was an important factor in the development of Europe. The IB Global Context, Identities and Relationships relates to nationalism because it defines us just like nationalism does. It focuses on identities, beliefs, values, and relationships . Napoleon came to power on 24 August 1799 and crowned himself emperor in 1804. From 1803 to 1815, he controlled most of Europe and promoted the ideas of nationalism, mostly unintentionally. Nationalism was spread throughout Europe byRead MoreEssay About Napoleon Bonaparte2610 Words   |  11 PagesAbout Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte is one of the most written-about figures in history, yet it is impossible to say what Napoleon might have done. People even have different opinions about what he actually did do[1]. Napoleon was a powerful and influential leader from his moments in the French civil war to his years as a political leader. His accomplishments are many, and his position as one of the great leaders of the ancient world is questionable becauseRead MoreThe Impact Of Nationalism1325 Words   |  6 Pageslate 18th century with Napoleon, all the way to present day. As one historian wrote, Nationalism is a â€Å"Political outlook†¦that a nation is composed of people who are joined together by the bonds of a common language†¦customs, culture, and history† (9/13/17). Nationalism has shaped the history of human beings both in a positive and a negative way. Due to the strong love and deep loyalty humans had for their countries, many things in history were able to be accomplished. It led to many different events

The Behaviorism Theory And Language Development Essay

Several theories could be applied to Bernie’s language development. The Behaviorism theory best exemplifies his language development. The Behaviorism Theory states that the acquiring of language is through influences of precursor events, which can impact the frequency of specific behaviors (McLaughlin, 2010). From the case history, Bernie lives in a one-parent household and sees his father four times a year. There is no other detail given in regards to his relationship with his father, and nothing in regards to his parents’ connection to one another. Bernie’s lack of pragmatics skills could be related to him being the product of a one-parent family. According to McLaughlin (2010), â€Å"At birth, the events that essentially integrate the social and functional nature of communication are present almost immediately†. This corresponds with the relationship between caregiver and child that begins at birth and is essential to survival which supports the Behaviorism Theory in relation to his development. McLaughlin (2010), goes on to say that the precursors for infant behaviors are the motivation for language learning. This is further supported by McConachie Diggle (2007), who state that â€Å"children need help to develop early skills in establishing joint attention, imitation of others, communicating interest and meaning as well as immediate wants, understanding the language of others, getting on with and enjoying the company of other people, tolerating change, and so on†.Show MoreRelatedWhy Do We Do Your Regular Schedules?1368 Words   |  6 PagesTodd Donerson 5/9/2015 Intr. Philosophy Main project part 2 Behaviorism Why do we do the things we do in our regular schedules? Do we do it on impulse, is it something we daily choose to do, or are we simply conditioned to a point where it becomes natural? 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These were largely considered taboo subjects at the time, and Freud provided a catalyst for them to be openly dis cussed in polite society. While Freud is perhaps best known for his tripartite model of the mind, consisting of the id, ego, and superego, and his theories about the Oedipus complex, hisRead MoreBehavioral Approach And Consistent Misunderstanding And Devaluation1344 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Behaviorism application to early childhood, the behavioral approach and consistent misunderstanding and devaluation exists among many professional in the early childhood field. In this paper, it will discuss the important figures in developing behaviorism, the principal elements of the theory and relevant periods of development through adolescence. In addition, it will identify and describe the critical features of the behavioral approach and their similarities to early childhood and theRead Morepsy 3601407 Words   |  6 Pageseventually led to the foundations of cognitive theory. 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The Second American Revolution free essay sample

Different theories perceptions exist on the changes and impact of the Civil war. This paper presents several arguments in the favor of the thesis statement. Discussion The Civil war is also termed as the second American Revolution by many historians. The reason is attributed to the economic, social and political changes that occurred after the war was over. The war has resulted in some significant economic changes in the post war society. The difference in the perception of northern and southern democrats also affected the economic scenario of the post war society. The government in the north tried to make changes in fiscal policy. They allocated money from the state budget which was specially set aside for charity to improve the living conditions of black people. However, the conservative southern people didn’t carry out measures for the emancipation of women and for black. Wealthy slaveholders were the leaders who had privately owned large land holdings. We will write a custom essay sample on The Second American Revolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, the final victory was for the people of south. . North was dependent on the south because the major crops such as tobacco, sugar cane, cotton and rice were produced in South. One major change was the success of the industrial capitalist in capturing and using the state for the purpose of strengthening their economic position (Ford, p. 518). The changes in the tariff, public land, banking, railroad, and contract labor legislation were the major indicators of the economic revolution. Prohibition on trafficking and abolishment of slavery were other revolutionary changes during the war. This war was a fight for the right of freedom. The southern democrats were in favor of slavery, whereas the northern party was against it (Johnny, p. 54). However, the victory of Abraham Lincoln brought freedom to the estate and created the concept of equal rights for the black slaves. The concept of equal rights was promoted with three major amendments in the U. S. constitution providing same opportunities and voting rights to the black and whites. The Reconstruction Acts, which were also a significant part of this fight, made the South give equal political rights to blacks. The main objective of this act was to guarantee equal social and political rights of the freed slaves. The gradual disappearance of the institution in the northern states created many supporters of slavery for fear that the growing influence of abolitionists could lead to any time the federal government to take action adverse to institution they defended. In a nutshell, both the ethnicities were entitled their rights; however, the difference in the philosophy and attitude of the north and south still exists in some states of U. S. Conclusion It can be concluded that the Civil War may also be termed as the second American Revolution in terms of the political, social and economic changes that occurred during the war. The civil war initiated as a result of numerous causes. Slavery and crystallization were the main reasons of this war. Initially, slavery was practiced all over the country as natural, than the rest of the America, where the institution was widespread. The term’ second American Revolution’ was first used by Charles and Mary Beard, seventy years back when they were discussing the impact of the American Civil war. Over the years, different people have viewed this term in different perspective. However, the majority consensus is in the favor of the argument on the basis of the political, social and economic changes that occurred during the war. The Civil war is responsible for the change in political power between North and South. The post war period experienced a significant increase in the industrial capitalism. People relate it to the American Revolution due to the post war revolutionary changes. One of the major results was the abolishment of slavery in the South. Moreover, it was a revolutionary struggle for the people who survived the war. Residents of the south consider their revolt as a revolution against the tyrant era of the North. In a nutshell, the civil war may be termed as the second American Revolution because it brought revolutionary changes in the lives of the people who survived the war. The impact is still evident in different societies who believe in the philosophy of discrimination.

I Want to Be a Teacher Essay Example

I Want to Be a Teacher Essay All of my life I have been surrounded by teacher’s. Teacher’s that teach all the subjects and teachers that teach only one. I have also been around kids all of my life. I have seen just how important teacher’s are to kids. How they are the foundations of everything the kids learn. I have chosen to go into the field of education because I want to be one of those teachers that get kids ready for life. Having little cousins to watch grow up and see them grow in their education has shown me that I want to be part of that. I want to be the teacher to teach kids their numbers and ABC’s. I love the thought of being the first person to get the kids started with their education. Helping them along the way with anything I can. Some positive experiences I think I will have as a teacher is seeing my students grow as the year goes along. Another experience I could have is making a lasting expression on one or many of my students. Even being someone that they can come to with anything. Along with making a difference in children’s lives one way or another. We will write a custom essay sample on I Want to Be a Teacher specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on I Want to Be a Teacher specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on I Want to Be a Teacher specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer But most of all just having my students come to class and have a smile on their faces, seeing them happy and learning will be the best experience of all. Along with positive experiences I know ill face challenges also. Some challenges I might face as a teacher is children having trouble with what we are working on. Along with a child having a rough time at home and acting out in class. Even a student not liking me can be a challenge for me. I know that at times students wont like their teachers and that can be a real challenge. Some assets I bring to teacher is my kind heart. With my kind heart I am always looking for ways to help someone. If a student is having trouble I will be more than happy to help. Another asset is I’m a patient person. I have a lot of patience and that can be helpful on a frustrating day. I love children and I think my love for them would be another asset. Because I show kids I care, I think outside the box for ways to teach them new things. Some liabilities of being a teacher would be spending a ton of money on my school and teaching license. Then not making a lot of money at first. Most of the time you have to be a substitute teacher before getting to be a regular teacher and being a teacher itself you don’t make a lot of money. Along with that teachers work for a union and a teacher cannot make money at all if the teachers decide to go on strike. There are a lot of liabilities with being a teacher. The aspects of my personality that would help me as a teacher is that I’m kind and strong willed. If I have the will power to do it I will. Something that might hinder me with teaching is that it can take me a while to get the hang of things. So having students that learn at different levels, I would have to find which students learn at what level and find a way to help. I would have to teach myself to keep those students in mind as I plan my lesson. And take a good amount of time while teaching the lesson. All of these things will make me a better teacher. I know I will be a great teacher because I am a strong person, I’d kind, I’m smart, and I’m great with children. I love working with children, seeing them grow as a person. It warms my heart to see I’m doing something to help the next generation out. I know I have the ability to be the teacher I want to be.